Contrasting an Online Class to a Traditional Class

Table of Contents Introduction An Online Class A Traditional Class Conclusion Introduction A college or an advanced degree was historically a dream among many people especially the full time employed people and family oriented career professionals but today academic achievements are a reality that is almost becoming the standard style. Many people are taking studies concurrently with their jobs in the aim of becoming apprentices in their field of specialization. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrasting an Online Class to a Traditional Class specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most people mainly work to get good remunerations, but the level of payment mostly depends on skill area and level of skills. What many potential students have discovered is the ability to blow off their academic limits by considering other options of attending classes without having to be physically involved. This is a practical strat egy of influencing the payment levels or staying competitive in the job market among the part-time students. What are the differences between the online classes and the physical or traditional classes? An Online Class Online classes provide one with a chance to learn by combining college theory work, with the work training provided by employers at the work place. According to online education guides, one is able to get a competitive edge over those who have to attend fulltime classes physically before they can engage work placements. One can easily connect the online studies to real work situations, thus making the learning process to become easier, since there is no need to keep remembering facts. Much of the learning is achievable though application of what one learns during fieldwork. An online study therefore provides one with the ability to turn theories to practice without further delays. The diversity of technology and availability of wide choices without any physical limit s enables a student to be in a position of recognizing institutions with high qualifications internationally and enroll in the best institutions, without extra economic requirements such as travel and accommodation expenses. A Traditional Class With a traditional class, one attends the class full-time as per the set class schedule. Here most of the learning occurs theoretically with fewer practical or applications that do not involve real job market as in the online class, where one has freedom to practice. Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the learner is able to concentrate on the syllabus taught fully without interruptions and later translate the theory practically in the job market. Unlike the online class, the learner’s errors may cause inconveniences to training, the traditional class is different as all materials and facilities are for learning purposes. There i s also no much pressure on the student in traditional class as the instructors or teachers are patient to guide one through, unlike online class where the learner or even the instructors are on pressure to meet the high market level. In most cases, the traditional class syllabus is usually a bit wider hence offering the trainee much more as opposed to online classes where there is lack of provisions for diversification of the subject. Educational websites restrict the materials to what is necessary for the trainee rather than wasting resources on giving what is pertained in the whole field of expertise. Traditional classes offer one freedom to choose from the whole library of books. Conclusion The choice between online classes and the traditional classes solely depends on career requirements or vital and technical skills requirements, therefore one should be in a position to make a personal choice that will enable achievement of goals by contrasting between the two. Recent change s in the global market require people who are able to invest heavily in education, thus the need to find alternative methods of attending classes. Either Part or full time learning can enhance competitive edge and ability to find extra skills in educational level for career advancement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contrasting an Online Class to a Traditional Class specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Contrasting an Online Class to a Traditional Class was written and submitted by user Bryanna Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Pleuvoir (to Rain)

How to Conjugate the French Verb Pleuvoir (to Rain) Meaning to rain, the French verb  pleuvoir  is an easy one to study. Thats because its an impersonal verb, which means you dont have a lot of conjugations to memorize. A brief lesson will walk you through the steps for say rained, raining, and will rain in French. Pleuvoir  Is an Impersonal  Verb A rarity in the French language,  pleuvoir  falls into the category of  impersonal verbs. That means you will only have to worry about the  il  forms in the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. The reason for this is quite simple: only it can rain. Think about it for a minute. It is impossible for a human to rain, so that eliminates the need for all the other subject pronouns. I cannot rain, you cannot rain, and we cannot rain. Despite the fact that  pleuvoir  is an  irregular verb, this lesson is much easier because you dont have so many words to memorize. All you have to do is determine which tense is appropriate for your sentence. For example, it is raining is  il pleut  and it rained is  il pleuvait. A fun expression to practice this in is,  Il pleut de cordes, meaning Its raining cats and dogs. Present Future Imperfect il pleut pleuvra pleuvait The Present Participle of Pleuvoir Pleuvoir  may be irregular, but when forming the  present participle, you will use the same ending as the majority of other verbs. Simply attach -ant  to the verb stem  pleuv-  and you get  pleuvant. Pleuvoir  in the Compound Past Tense A  common way to express it rained is with the compound past tense known as  passà © composà ©. This requires the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  plu. Again, you only need to know the  il  present tense conjugate of  avoir, so this results in  il a plu. More Simple Conjugations of Pleuvoir Studying the other basic conjugations of pleuvoir is just as easy because theres only one subject pronoun to worry about. While the subjunctive says it may or may not rain, the conditional implies that it will only rain if something else happens. Both of these are very useful given the uncertainty of the weather. There may also be times when you encounter the passà © simple  or  imperfect subjunctive  forms of this verb. However, there is no imperative  form of  promener. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive il pleuve pleuvrait plut plt

Information technology and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology and society - Assignment Example The society needs to care more on this issue because; through education people promote their social status and it also influences the way of life of individuals. Besides this, education provides access to such items as employment opportunities and thus improves the way of living of people. It is an important issue to focus on because knowledge gained through education can be applied in various fields such as health, information technology and in technical skills (Petersen, 2002). The application of information technology in the education is important so as to obtain current knowledge and improve access to many people across the globe. The name of the database is African Journals Online (AJOL) which provides access to African scholarly research online and is a non-profit making organization based in South Africa. The publisher that maintains this database is the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication (INASP) supported by Google. The staffs in AJOL maintains this database using digitalized full texts and capable software such as Linux as an operating system, Apache and PHP for scripting. The database is freely accessible and provides a user front-end where those using can browse and access the contents of the database online. It also has an administrative end where the staff, journal publishers and editors can log in and manage the contents of the database. In March 2004, AJOL re-launched a data system that was more sophisticated to increase the functionality of site and to ensure compatibility. This included the indexing of all journal content listed with AJOL through Open Archives Initiative, OAI search engines. Basically, information and knowledge products that are indexed include journals article so as to make them available to a greater audience and increase their visibility among the research community. An option for limiting

ARE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FULLY MEETING THE NEEDS OF SERVICE USERS Essay

ARE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FULLY MEETING THE NEEDS OF SERVICE USERS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSIS ILLICIT SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS - Essay Example However, in order to implement this framework in practice, the mental health professionals must be educated and trained suitably enough to be first aware of such conditions so they in turn can raise awareness of the clients in order to motivate them better. Substance misuse and addictive behaviour are very common and are regarded as a major public health problem in the United Kingdom. Dual diagnoses of substance abuse and mental disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. The mental disorders comprise mostly of schizophrenia, affective, anxiety, personality, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research has shown that they place enormous burden on individuals and society and hence the nation (Copello, Graham, & Birchwood, 2001, 585-587). The common co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders with alcohol and drug use disorders is well recognized. The reasons for co-occurrence, the best methods to differentiate substance abuse from psychiatric syndromes, and the best treatments for comorbidity remain open research questions. There is now an emerging consensus that when the clinical picture is limited to a single disorder, there are chances of fewer complications (Drake & Wallach, 2000, 1126-1129). Along with th at, it has been acknowledged that comorbid psychiatric and substance abuse disorders present problems. Research again has demonstrated that co-occurring mental and substance use disorders are associated with problems among users, dependence among problem users, with severity and persistence of both mental and alcohol-drug disorders, poor health and failed treatment attempts, with violence, incarceration, and poverty (Essock et al, 2001, 469-476). Therefore, it would be pertinent to investigate or to find evidence whether these available mental health services are adequate enough to meet the growing needs of these individuals with dual diagnosis. In this review article, a systemic review has been proposed to be undertaken within a methodological framework, so the evidence may be culled in order to substantiate the focus question and rationale to conduct this review. Focus Question Are mental health services fully meeting the needs of service users with dual diagnosis, illicit substance misuse and serious mental illness Rationale The problems of dual diagnosis are further compounded by the fact that clients with a dual diagnosis are difficult to assess because they are not a homogenous group. In addition, these clients often are poor historians and are noncompliant during the assessment process. Individuals with dual diagnosis often have complex and multiple needs that are difficult to assess in a comprehensive manner. There are indeed barriers to care for this population, which are significant and multidimensional. Services available for these individuals are absent, inadequate, and

The House Negro and the Field Negro Essay Example for Free

The House Negro and the Field Negro Essay There are two kinds of Negroes in the American society, according to Malcolm X. They are the subservient house Negro† and the subversive â€Å"field negro. † After making a detailed comparison between the two in the body of his speech, he categorically describes himself a â€Å"field negro† (X, Malcolm 1). Malcolm X is what he said he is as a field negro – a defiant black nationalist, with little regard, if at all, in the social institutions founded by white American masters, a representative of the mass of African Americans struggling to unfetter the chain that held the black people to slavery for over four centuries. Malcolm X was a man for his times, a man who witnessed in his youth the racial abuses of America’s white colonial rulers, a philosophical and religious thinker whose bold ideas and expressive rhetoric found acceptance among many African Americans who had long been subjected to racial abuse and debasement. He styled himself to represent the mass of American Africans, suited up in gentlemanly elegance to earn the respect and attention of his audience. Malcolm X delivered his speech in plain language no fancy words, no discombobulated phrases to distract his listeners. He went straight to the point and tackled issues with surgical competence and sharpness. He explained the term â€Å"house slaves† in plain and simple English, in a manner that all his audience could relate to, like the willingness of â€Å"house slaves† to pay three times the price of a house to be able to brag â€Å"I’m the only Negro out here† (Breitman 11). So the crowd roared in mock agreement. In like manner, he said a â€Å"field negro† represented the masses. He said â€Å"when the master got sick, the field Negro prayed that he’d die. † Nothing could be more graphic than that to illustrate a person’s contempt for another. Then, he said â€Å"I am a field Negro† (X, Malcolm 1) to show where he stood on the issue. He was a confident public speaker, gesturing like a true professional, like a brilliant pastor behind his pulpit. He knew his audience and made sure that he delivered the message that they wanted to hear and did it with aplomb as he underscored every sound bite that appealed to them. He was Master X behind the rostrum. His message reverberated across America with the same force and appeal that catapulted Martin Luther King Jr. into American consciousness. However, his message had none of the diplomacy and statesmanship presented by King. Malcolm X’s message was radical, uncompromising, violent, and sweeping – and should be better viewed and understood in the context of the era which bred his kind. He preached tit-for-tat as a principle of self-defense and belittled King’s calls for â€Å"civil disobedience† and â€Å"non-violence. † Malcolm X envisioned an entirely different route in his efforts to liberate the black people from slavery. His idea of freedom and liberation was for the establishment of a black republic within the United States or return of black people to their respective homelands in Africa, ideas that tended to divide rather than unite more African Americans. Moreover, he made more enemies than friends in the process of advancing these ideas in the forum of public opinion. Clearly, his ideas were more of a vindictive reaction to centuries of slavery, discrimination, and persecution in the hands of their American masters rather than a well-thought out plan to correct inequities which many well-meaning white Americans had along realized to be wrong and were willing to rectify. Malcolm’s ideas have more rhetoric than bites, more wishful thinking than real. His allegations of racism were directed to all white Americans, which maybe true but not that quite all encompassing. White American could likewise allege that Malcolm X was a racist for putting all white American together as abusive slave drivers. While some may practice racism, white Americans can claim that not everyone is racist, which is quite true. Malcolm X is a racist himself for his unforgiving tirades against white Americans. Racism is wrong no matter who practices it – black, white, yellow, or brown. As a Muslim convert, he cited the Koran, the Muslim bible, to preach the principle of â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† (Breitman 12). He said, â€Å"If someone lays his hand on you, send him to the cemetery† (Breitman 12). While he supported King’s civil rights movement in principle, he distanced himself from actively supporting the movement through King’s numerous sit-ins and other protest actions that reverberated across America and roused leaders from Washington D. C. to take notice and spur them to seriously consider the issues presented. The success of the civil rights movement was correctly attributed to King’s strategy of â€Å"civil disobedience† not sanctioned by X’s Muslim religion. If his plan to fight â€Å"tooth for tooth,† then the turn of events in the United States would have been different, with the black people being probably shot down for terrorism and mayhem. Then, that would have ended the black American’s struggle for liberty and independence. As if Malcolm X’s call to arms and racist statements were not enough, he called for the return of American Africans to their home countries and the establishment of a black republic within the United States which this writer believes could have altered the course of American history. He called for the establishment of a Pan African Republic to consolidate all black Americans in the United States. It was an outrageous proposal, but nevertheless it won support among the many members of the black community, particularly the young. It was primarily his forceful voice and the compelling drama that he managed to inject into his speeches that enthralled audiences. He was not the ambulant speaker that many of today’s so-called TV evangelists practice to appeal to TV viewers, strolling around the stage as they deliver their speeches. He was regal as he stood firm on the podium, cool and calculating, an authoritative figure that spoke in forceful cadence, his hand movements providing the beat from which his voice would follow in different speed, pitches and timbres. He spoke from memory and extemporaneously, reading his lines from the ohs and ahs of his audience, spending more time and adding more lines on issues that drew the most reaction from his audience. He appealed to his audience’s heart, telling them stories from everyday life and from classic books that chronicle their struggles as a people, like Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He described the â€Å"house negro† as Uncle Tom, outfitted in suit just like his master and happy to be in his company. He said there were more Uncle Toms in their midst as the crowd roared in agreement (Breitman 12). . But he assured his audience that there are more â€Å"field Negros† in their midst, all of whom were firm in their belief in freedom and independence for all black Americans. He told them they need to be firm and strong, that it was alright to defend one’s self from force and intimidation. To kill their enemies if and when necessary to uphold one’s identity (Breitman 12). . He said it was not alright to suffer in silence and invoked the Koran, the Muslim bible, as the source of his enlightenment. He appealed even to criminal elements to be prepared for a possible encounter against the whites. He told them to be in the forefront of the struggle and drew the loudest cheers. Malcolm X was the opposite of Dr. Luther King, who espoused peace. If King was a rebel, X was a revolutionary who hated white Americans, no matter who they were. They had only two similarities, or maybe three. They were both blacks, both supported civil rights and liberties, and both were fiery speakers and staunchly independent-minded. Later, they were both to die in assassin’s bullets. The speeches of Malcolm X were fiery from beginning to end – and his speech on the house and field Negros were no exception. At the end of his speech, he once again stoke the fire of what he claimed to be 400 years of slavery and discontent by a call to arms, urging all blacks not just in America but across the globe to rise in arms against white America. His speech was always laden with hate and bigotry, urging everyone to take arms in the guise of self-defense. His humor, while evident and indeed funny, was lost in the mood of his message, comical yet contemptuous. While his premises were sound, it appeared that his conclusion was not. This writer believes any call for violence is unjustified when the other party shows a sincere desire to listen and understand the concerns of the opposite camp. Malcolm X’s insistent calls to arms were valid only when white America refused to talk. When it expressed its desire to settle matters over a negotiating table, then Malcolm X’s revolutionary actuations were no longer valid and, therefore, inconsistent with our nature as rational human beings. Moreover, there was no need to draw a wedge between the home negro and the field negro if they were both willing to listen and understand what the other party has to say. So, what is wrong if the house negro is used by white America to sound out the field negro for a possible peace talk. To sustain peace in the United States, all parties involved in the conflict should discuss the issues in a civil manner, rather than fight over it in the battlefield. It was enough for Malcolm X to explain the distinction between the house Negro and the field Negro, but debasing one over the other was outright uncalled for, uncivil, and a threat to peace. The speech was far from neutral and simply being informative. It was racism seen from other end. It had Malcolm X’s signature all over it for his unequivocal posture over racism, self-hate, and community empowerment taken to an extreme that is too obtrusive for complacency and comfort. This former â€Å"ghetto youth† is a dangerous icon for today’s rebellious youth. Works Cited Answers.Malcolm X, Religious Figure / Civil Rights Figure. 2007. 24 September 2007 Breitman, George. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. 1990. Grove Press. Finkelman, Paul, ed. Malcolm X. MSN Encarta. 2007. 24 September 2007 Ursula Mctaggart, Ursula. The Oratory of Malcolm X. Solidarity National Office, Detroit, MI. 24 September 2007. X, Malcolm. The House Negro and the Field Negro. Speech by Malcolm X 4 February 1965. Iowa lakes Community College. http://www. iowalakes. edu/directories/faculty/burns/informative/Malcolm_X`s_House-Field_Negro_speech. htm/. X, Malcolm. Interview with A. B. Spellman and Malcolm X. Monthly Review. 16 May 1964. 24 September 2007 X, Malcolm. Transcript. The House Negro and the Field Negro. 4 February 1965. http://www. iowalakes. edu/directories/faculty/burns/informative/Malcolm_Xs_House-Field_Negro_speech. htm X, Malcolm. The House Negro and the Field Negro. Perf. Malcolm X. YouTube. 24 September 2007 ;. X, Malcolm. The Undiscovered Malcolm X: Stunning New Info on the Assassination, His Plans to Unite the Civil Rights and Black Nationalist Movements the 3 `Missing` Chapters From His Autobiography. Democracy Now! 21 Feb. 2005. 24 September 2007.

Procter and Gamble Mergers and Acquisition

Procter and Gamble Mergers and Acquisition PG ltd is a leading multinational based in Cincinatti, USA. With sales of around 78.9 billion dollars or 3,779 billion rupees approx in 2009 and a presence in almost 180 countries PG has touched 4.2 billion people across the world, and aims to touch 5 billion by 2015. It has a presence in the beauty and grooming, Health and well being and the Household care segment. In the Skin care segment, some of the major brands are Olay, Gillette and Braun. In the hair care segment, its major brands include Pantene, Wella, Rejoice, Head and Shoulders etc. It is also present in the hair colour segment with products like Nice n Easy and Natural Instincts. PG has looked at the inorganic way of growth also especially in its personal care business. Some of the major acquisitions that it has made in this segment are mentioned below in a brief. In 2001, PG acquired Clairol for an all cash deal of 4.95 billion dollars or 232.65 billion rupees approx. This was primarily done to have the strong hair business of Clairol in their basket. PG had no presence in the hair colour segment and the Herbal Essences line of Clairol was the market leader. The acquisition was a strategic decision, as it saw more sense to acquire the 2nd biggest player after LOreal. The immediate impact of this acquisition was the 2.5 % increase in revenue, after a miserable 2000, as sales for the company had stagnated. In terms of distribution and marketing, PG was able to add value and achieve economies of scale as it distributed and marketed the Clairol with its existing brand of products. With the advent of the new millennium, it was imperative to expand into newer geographies, and for PG it meant Europe and Latin America. With this objective in mind, in 2003 it acquired Wella, a leading marketer of beauty salon products for 5 billion dollars or Rs 230 billion approx. Wella had a dominant market share in the hair care segment in these geographies and along with PGs reach in the US, it aimed at having a dominant position in the Womens hair care segment. As part of the of the integration strategy after the acquisition, PG sought to complement the sales of professional care products of Wella and personal hair care products like Pantene, Head and Shoulders, and Herbal Essences. This was a major push, that PG was looking for, as the Wellas inclusion lead double digit growth in revenues in 2004. The biggest buy in this space came in the year 2005, when PG acquired Gillette for 57 billion dollars, approximately Rs 2500 billion. This was also done with a view of catering to the entire household. The male grooming segment was worth 5.5 billion dollars and PG was not present in this segment. The well known products of Gillette were Mach 3 razor, Duracell, Oral -B, Right guard and Braun. Thus, it gave PG access to not only the mens grooming segment but also the gadget market with Braun. Gillette was already an established brand with 31 plants in 14 countries and significant presence especially in the BRIC countries. This strong presence across geographies was expected to lead to strong synergies and significant cost reductions. These were the major acquisitions by PG in the most profitable and fast growing segment of personal care and beauty. PG was also seeking to diversify its business risk by expanding into different geographies and different market segments where it had no presence earlier. By acquiring Clairol, Wella and Gillette, PG had complimentary brands and products which helped it achieve synergies in scale in marketing, distribution and promotion. UNILEVER Unilever has 400 brands across 14 categories of home, personal care and food products. They have big global brands with a broad based portfolio like Dove, Axe, Clear, Lux, Ponds, Suave, Lipton to name a few. They are world no.1 in Savoury, dressing, tea, ice cream, spreads, deodorants, mass skin. World no.2 in Laundry, daily hair care, and they have local strength in oral care and household cleaning. Unilever has made several strategic acquisitions in the past few years. Their acquisitions in the personal and hair care business include the following. On 2nd April 2009 they purchased the hair product business of TIGI. Major brand in TIGIs portfolio includes Bed head, S-Factor and Catwalk. The acquisition was valued at 411.5 million dollars (Rs. 19.90 billion). On 25 Sep 2009 they acquired the Sara Lees personal care business for 1.275 billion Euros (Rs 89.78 billion). The brands included Radox, Sanex, Duschads. Colgate Palmolive Ltd Colgate Palmolive is one of the leading companies across the world in the household and personal care industry, present in more than 200 countries. It has a wide range of products under various categories including oral care, personal care, pet nutrition, home care and professional oral care. Few brands under personal and oral care are Palmolive Spa, Palmolive Aroma shower gel, Palmolive Natural Liquid Hand Wash Family Health, colgate dental cream, colgate max fresh, colgate total 12, colgate sensitive tooth brush and colgate zig zag. It has recorded worldwide sales of $15,327 million in 2009 which is level with the sales in 2008 being $15,330 million. The organic sales excluding mergers and acquisitions, foreign exchange and divestment grew by 6.5%. Colgate Palmolive has strengthened its global position by acquiring brands in the oral care and home care categories. Following is a description of the same in brief Colgate started in the 18th century as a soap manufacturer and merged with Palmolive-Peet company in 1928. Colgate initiated its international operations being a pioneer by creating a Canadian subsidiary in 1913 and France in 1920. Eventually, it expanded its operations in Australia, Philippines, Germany, United Kingdom and Mexico. In 1953 it officially became Colgate-Palmolive company. Since the company was focusing on international operations and was seeking growth in the personal care business, in 1985 Colgate-Palmolive merged with Hong Kong-based Hawley Hazel which being a leading oral care company added to its strength to expand its presence in Asian markets. In 1987, Colgate acquired a line of liquid soap based products through Softsoap from Minnetonka which was an essential step towards Colgate being the pioneer in the liquid soap category. Colgate had achieved decent gross margins in the beginning of 1990s, hence it decided to invest in research and development.It announced restructuring of the infrastructure by reducing the number of employees and factories, thereby adopting a growth strategy to enter different avenues as it was facing tough competition from Procter and Gamble. In 1992, Colgate acquired Mennen Company for 670 million dollars. This widened its personal care business line by addition of the best U.S. deodorant brand, Mennen Speed Stick, and the number two baby-care brand, Baby Magic. During the same course of time, Colgate achieved success in skin-care and hair products. The strengths of Colgate, like distribution and marketing reach gave a major push to the Menen brands in terms of geographic coverage. Further, in 1993 the purchase of S.C. Johnson Son, Inc.s liquid hand and body soap brands in Europe and the South Pacific it speedily progressed in the liquid soap market and became the market leader due to this acquisition. In 1995 Colgate purchased Kolynos Oral Care from American Home Products worth $1.04 billion. Kolynos being a widely accepted brand in Brazil and a leader in several other Latin American countries widened the its oral care portfolio. This purchase pushed Colgates share of the Latin American oral-care market from 54 percent to 79 percent. Colgate also increased its market share at a global level by implementing product development and huge amount of investments in marketing strategies and advertising expense. It introduced antimicrobial agent based toothpastes which increased its acceptability overseas. Next, Colgate acquired European oral care firm GABA Holding AG worth $866 million. GABA, was operating in 15 countries with annual sales of close to $300 million. Its strength in the pharmacy channel supported Colgates leading position in the European retail market. This increased Colgates share of the European toothpaste market to 33 percent. In 2006 Colgate stepped into the fast-growing Naturals segment by acquiring Toms of Maine which was a leading manufacturer of natural toothpaste for US $100 million. At present, Colgate Palmolive has a lot of subsidiaries across 200 countries. But, it is publicly listed only in US and India. LOreal France based Loreal has a century of expertise in cosmetics, with 17.5 billion euros in consolidated sales in 2009. It has 23 brands and is present in 130 countries. Few of the brands they have in their stable include Garnier, Maybelline New York, and Body Shop etc, which also have a presence in India. Although LOreal had created a niche in the segments that it was present in, it still looked at opportunities to grow inorganically across the world. One such opportunity came by in the year 2007, when it announced that it was acquiring 100% of the Turkish hair care product company Canan. Canan, founded in 1981, achieved high sales numbers of 26 million euros in 2006, mainly through its brand Ipek, which was 4th in the mass market hair care segment. The Turkish cosmetics market was expanding strongly, and the acquisition of Canan was important as it also had a manufacturing in Istanbul. It also had an extensive presence in the retailing chains across the country and that is something LOreal was interested in , as it would help it push the other brands of the company, when they would finally be introduced in Turkey Focussing on hair care and the cosmetics business, in quick succession, they also acquired 2 professional salon distributors in the US. The 1st of them was in 2006 when it acquired Beauty alliance, which through its business model was selling to 1,25,000 salons through 870 distributor sales consultants and 400 professional consultants. It had achieved sales of 372 million dollars in 2006. Close on the heels of this purchase, it acquired Malys west which had a significant presence in the western states selling to 30,000 salons through 340 distribution sales consultants and than 100 professional outlets. These acquisitions allowed the creation of a particularly high performance beauty salon distribution model combining the American distribution system and LOreal s expertise in hairdressing salon partnerships. Also, staying with the US, where major of its acquisitions have taken place, they acquired PureOlogy, in May 2007. PureOlogy is a luxury American brand sold through hair dressers in the professional hair care market. It was then one of the fastest growing hair care brands in the US, with 2006 sales touching 57 million dollars and it was a significant addition into LOreals fold. The roaring Indian decade The Indian FMCG industry is a key sector in the Indian context, since it is one of the few sectors that have been able to work on the last mile distribution, by having a robust and dynamic rural play too. From a $9 billion industry in 2000, the Indian FMCG industry has catapulted to become a $25 billion industry in 10 years. A big part of this growth story has been written by Indian FMCGs, which have recorded CAGRs of 15-16% over the past decade, compared to the industry average of 14.5% and Hindustan Unilevers 5.5% (source: IDFC Securities report). The aggressiveness with which the Indian FMCGs are expanding appears to have its roots in their overwhelming success against MNCs on their home turf. In 2000, Hindustan Unilever commanded more than 60% of the market in most key FMCG categories such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. A decade later, according to the report, the tables have turned and Indian FMCGs are clearly on top. HULs sales in most categories are less than half of the rest of the listed Indian FMCG players. The markets have applauded their toils. The market capitalisation of Godrej Consumer Products, for instance, has multiplied 27 times from Rs 304.8 crore in 2000 to Rs 8,315.7 crore in 2010. Similarly, Marico has grown from Rs 362.5 crore to Rs 6,431 crore in 2010, while Dabur has grown from Rs 2,336.5 crore to Rs 13,861.2 crore in 2010 over the same period. Compare this with HUL: in 2000, its market cap was at Rs 53,694.6 crore, more than twice the value of all the Indian FMCG companies combined. But in 2010, its market cap has crumbled to Rs 49,689.5 crore. The sales and profit figures show similar trends: from Rs 1,046 crore in 2000, Dabur India became a Rs 3,389 crore company in 2010, while Marico grew from Rs 650.39 crore to Rs 2,660.76 crore over the same period. HULs growth chart shows no such exponential growth: from Rs 10,978 crore in 2000, it earned Rs 17,979 crore a decade later. That is the rosy part; these companies have been able to ride the wave in the Indian growth story. The Indian market although not saturated, has been tapped to a large extent. These companies soon realised that they had to go global to diversify their risks and also provide them another avenue for growth. Thats obviously easier said than done, when these companies go global, they will face uncertain geographies, regulations and different consumer behaviour. They also have presence of local players in those markets and large MNCs present there who will have a head start in those markets. What will be even more challenging is to be able to bring in synergies in between these acquisitions to their existing businesses. The temptation to go global is always strong as the return on investments on international businesses is more brisk than in domestic business. The kind of price brands are able to command in this category of cosmetic care is higher in overseas markets in India. But it is also imperative to realise that the global play cannot be at the expense of the Indian market, which still offers a lot of scope and potential for growth. Without having a strong base in the country of origin, it does not make sense to make any venture abroad. In this report, we have looked at a few global and Indian companies who have made significant acquisitions worldwide, with a focus on Marico Industries Limited. Indian companies making it big globally Godrej Consumer Products Limited Outlook Business 24 July 2010 The Godrej group was established in 1857. It is one of Indias most trusted brands. It has seven major companies under it; they are into FMCG, appliances, industrial engineering, real estate, agri-care, security etc. Godrej consumer products ltd (GCPL) is its consumer products division. 20 percent of their business is done overseas. They are present in more than 60 countries. The estimated value of their acquisitions in the personal care segment is $600 million. They have a global 3 by 3 strategy. They are present in 3 continents- Asia, Africa and Latin America through 3 core categories hair care, personal wash and home care. Over the past few years, they have been following a focussed approach to identifying acquisitions that fit well with their business strategically. They entered the UK market in Jan 2005 by acquiring the company Keyline brands. The brands in their portfolio include Cuticura, Erasmic, Adorn, Nulon, Apri. Godrej entered South Africa in Sep 2006, while Marico entered in OCT 2007, almost a year after. They acquired the company Radipol. They have brands like Inecto (ethnic hair colour brand) Soflene (hair and skin colour brand). They also acquired Kinky in April 2008. They entered Nigeria in March 2010. They acquired the company Tura which is a personal care brand. They entered Indonesia in April 2010, they acquired the company Megasari which is in the home care, personal care and hair care segment. It acquired Argentina-based based hair care firm Argencos SA. Godrej is still on the lookout for more acquisitions. It has been on an aggressive acquisition spree, in hair colour, insecticides and soaps. The companys board in Dec 2009 had given approval to raise up to 30 billion rupees in debt and equity to fund mergers and acquisitions. WIPRO Consumer Care and Lighting Wipro Consumer care and lighting is part of the Wipro group of companies involved majorly in the IT services. It is based in Bengaluru and made revenues of 208 crores in revenue for yearend 2009. From being a purely vanaspati company, it has grown to own a vast plethora of brands spanning across categories. Some of the major brands that it has include Santoor, Chandrika, Yardley etc. It has never been a major force to reckon with in the dynamic FMCG business in the country. In the last couple of years, it has acquired a few brands internationally, keeping in mind the trend that has been witnessed in FMCG companies, specifically in the personal care segment. The 2 acquisitions have been mentioned further. It acquired Singapore based Unza holdings limited in July 2007 for Rs 1,010 crores. Unza has a wide range of products like body lotions, deodorants, shampoos and shower gels under the brand name Enchanteur. One of the major strengths of Unza was its ability to deal with the modern retail chains, as half of its revenues came from selling to such chains. The Indian retail sector is under constant change, and this acquisition was timely as the revenue for Wipro Consumer care rose by over 87% in the immediate year after the acquisition of Unza. Unzas major markets included Vietnam, Hongkong, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia. As mentioned earlier, major personal care businesses were planning to go international and specifically the south east asia, middle east and African regions. The acquisition of Unza gave Wipro two bonus mature markets in China and Hongkong. The idea was to bring in cost efficiencies to its products, by increasing the margins that these products earn. The only flip side to this was the fact that Wipro had to make heavy spends on advertising and promotions as most Indians were not aware of this brand. But, the scale this acquisition brought Wipro was important to give it a push in the FMCG space. In November 2009, Wipro announce that it has acquired the Yardley business in Asia, Middle East, Australasia and certain African market for 45.5 million dollars, approximately Rs 2,118 million from UK based Lornamead Group. This has given the Wipro group a heritage brand in its kitty as Yardley was established in 1770 and it has a very strong equity globally in markets including Asia, Middle east and Australasia. Wipros strong RD was expected to give a strong push to one of the most powerful brands in the personal care market. Dabur India Limited It is one of the leading consumer goods company in India with a turnover of Rs 2834.11 crore (FY2009). It is one of the few consumer goods company to have a significant manufacturing presence across the world, with 17 plants. Their master brands include Dabur, the ayurvedic healthcare brand, Vatika premium hair care, Hajmola tasty digestives, Real fruit juices and beverages and Fem Skin care products. It has been able to create a niche in the minds of the consumer, with the USP of ayurvedic products. Although, they have garnered a significant share in the Indian market, this USP meant that it left them with little or no options to grow in organically. Acquisitions abroad were not easy to come as the ayurveda and nature based products is an USP no other company offered. The international business division, a SBU within Dabur India limited, catered to the healthcare and personal care needs of customers across different international markets like Gulf region, Egypt, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Nepal and the US. Although, it made a few acquisitions in the country like Balsara who was present in the hygiene and home products business and also fem care Pharma, a leading player in the countrys women care segment. These acquisition offered Dabur to enter newer product categories and markets. In the international market it made its first move as, in July 2010, it acquired Hobi Kozmetik group, a leading personal care products company in Turkey. 3 subsidiaries of Hobi were bought for a total consideration of 69 million dollars, approximately Rs 3,231 million. This is in line, with their idea of further consolidating and expanding their already substantial presence in the Middle east and the North Africa region. Hobi Kozmetik, has a wide range of hair care and skin care products under the Hobby and New Era brands. It also commands a 35% market share in the hair gel category. What is noteworthy is that its products are sold across 35 countries. Dabur has a host of international brands that enjoy pole position across their respective categories. So, Hobis brands have to get into synergy with Daburs offering soon, so that capitalization on the strengths of Daburs businesses across the international operations is significant. Colgate Palmolive India Ltd Colgate Palmolive India Ltd started in the year 1937. It offers various products in India and internationally in the personal care, oral care, household care and pet nutrition. It has a market capitalization of 2.4 billions. In 2007, it acquired 75% stake in Professional Oral Care Products Pvt Ltd based in Goa which manufactures and supplies toothpaste to Colgate Palmolive India Ltd. Further, it also acquired 75% stake in Advanced Oral Care Pvt Ltd an 100 % stake in SS Oral Hygiene Products Pvt Ltd in 2008. The sales dropped in the toothpaste and toothbrush market in 2009 as compared to 2008. This did not hamper the sales of Colgate Palmolive to a very great extent. In fact, even though the personal and home care industry was facing negative inflationary effects due to which companies increased the prices, Colgate Palmolive adopted a volume based strategy. Since, it faces competition from HUL and P and G, Colgate Palmolive decided to further strengthen its position as a market leader by acquiring a 100% stake in CC Heath Care which is a Hyderabad based tooth powder manufacturer in March 2010. Presently, Procter and Gamble is planning to come up with its Crest toothpaste brand. The idea is to take away market share. This may lead to a price war which is a major concern for investors. Emami Its gross revenue was over Rs 1000 cr. in FY 2010 with a CAGR of 27% over last 5 years while its net sales grew by 35.7% in FY 2010. Their domestic distribution network includes over 2800 distributors, 4,00,000 retail outlets and brand reaches 26,00,000mn outlets through other trade channels. Emami Limited has over 30 brands under its portfolio, 4 of which are Rs. 100 cr. brands. It has developed strong brands like Navratna, BoroPlus, Fair and Handsome, Sona Chandi, Fast Relief, Mentho Plus and has recently acquired Zandu. Emamis products in different categories like cool oil, antiseptic cream and fairness cream for men are market leaders in their respective segments. Emamis products are available in 60 different countries. Their international business contributes about 14% of the total revenue. Most of their international business growth comes from Middle East, CIS and SAARC. The international business is growing at a CAGR of 38% over the last 5 years. One of their business objectives is to foray into new categories and international business in order to drive revenue growth. In fact they are focusing on setting up manufacturing facilities in Egypt and Bangaldesh. Emami Ltd. bought Zandu Pharmaceuticals for Rs 750 crore-plus in 2008. The brand Zandu, one the strongest Ayurvedic Brand, has a market share of about 43% of the balm market in India. This acquisition was aimed at building a strong Ayurvedic Ethical / Generics portfolio, promoted through doctors and strong consumer marketing driven OTC Business. The production commenced at the Pantnagar unit, located in the tax free zone of Uttaranchal. Post acquisition integration process was undertaken by streamlining sales channels in the north, east and west zone. This helped Emami strengthen the network further, in Western India. Their sales realizations increased by over 10% owing to the improved distribution coverage and penetration. It helped the company focus on incremental sales from alternate channels like state governments, PSUs and institutions. More acquisitions in the personal and healthcare sector in the domestic market is on the companys radar. It has about 1,000 cr. set aside for its acquisitions, and Paras Pharma has been suggested by their financial consultants seems to fit the bill. Encouraged by their performance post Zandu acquisition Emami Limited is also on lookout for acquisitions abroad for inorganic growth in FMCG sector. Marico Limited Marico Ltd. is one of Indias leading FMCG players in the beauty and wellness space. Its brands and brand extensions have significant market share in various categories like hair oils, coconut oil, refined and premium edible oils. Its flagship brand is Parachute coconut oil, which is the largest branded coconut oil commanding a huge market share of the Indian, organized coconut oils segment. Its other flagship brand includes Saffola, which is the leader in the edible oils segment and now has entered into the foods category Saffola diabetes management, Saffola cholesterol management atta mixes, Saffola Arise which is a lower GI rice which contains good carbohydrates and Saffola Salt which is the healthier choice in salt, with less sodium and higher potassium and calcium. Over the last 17 years, Marico has been continually building new brands, creating new categories and has been a leader in various markets. Marico houses well known hair care, health care and skin care brands. Under hair care it has brands like Parachute, Nihar, Shanti, Mediker, Shanti Badam Amla, Silk and Shine, Hair code, Black Chic, Hair and care etc. Under health care it has premium edible oils, and functional foods Under Skin care they have brands like Mediker, Manjal, Kaya skin care products. Competitive advantages: Marico has a strong distribution network, which ensures a pan-India presence. Marico has a well-built network in Middle East, African countries, and SAARC. Marico also enjoys strong brand equity; it also enjoys the leadership or the second position wherever it has its presence. Therefore it has a pricing power over the other players in the market. Marico is also present in the largely under penetrated Indian beauty service segment through its Kaya range of products and clinics, which acts as a growth driver and provides it with sufficient room for augmenting future revenues. International consumer products business In the global space the major markets for Marico are the Middle East, Bangladesh, Egypt, and South Africa. The International Business group of Marico reaches out to more than 20 countries. This group was formed in the early 1990s. The IBG customizes its product offerings to suit the requirement of diverse cultures. Graphical exposition of Maricos Total sales from financial year2004 to 2009 and IBGs Contribution Source: Company Website Marico is present in Bangladesh through its wholly owned subsidiary Marico Bangladesh ltd which produces and sells branded coconut oil under the brand name Parachute. It is also present in the soaps segment through the acquisition of Camelia and Aromatic in the year 2005. In South Africa it acquired Enalini Pharmaceuticals consumer division pty. Ltd in Nov 2007. It has 3 brands in its portfolio which face competition from the local brands such as Amka and MNC brands of Unilever and Loreal. In Egypt they acquired brands like Hair Code and Fiancee in 2007. Where Fiancee is the market leader and Hair Code has the 2nd position in the category of creams and gels. The company uses Egypt as its manufacturing hub to service North African markets such as Morocco, Sudan, Libiya and the Middle East region. Data for FI-2010 KAYA- Maricos presence in Indian beauty care segment Kaya Ltd, which was earlier Kaya Skin care limited was Maricos big leap from consumer products to providing holistic solutions and moving into the service space. With the rise in the disposable income amongst the youth and propensity to spend, kaya limited wanted to focus on meeting the emerging needs of the modern day consumers by providing useful and effective services in the beauty and wellness space. In a short span of 8 years, Kaya has grown at an unprecedented pace, with over 100 clinics in India, Middle East and Bangladesh. Out of a total of 101 clinics, they have 13 centres in the Middle East, 1 in Dhaka and 87 spread across the country. This was the strength of their clinics by 2009. In 2010, they acquired Derma Rx, a Singapore based Wellness Company to give a fillip to the wellness business. Kaya Ltd, has also been a steady contributor to the revenues of IBG and is part of the continuous focus on the services aspect of the beauty care business that Marico ltd wants to be a big part of. Maricos global foray Maricos Strategy in South Africa Marico entered the South African market on 31st Oct 2007. The firm acquired the consumer division of Enalini Pharmaceuticals, Enalini Pharmaceuticals Consumer Division PTY LTD (EPCD) through a competitive bidding process. Enalini Pharmaceuticals is a Durban based hair care company for around Rs. 52 crore. At that time the companys annual turnover was Rs. 53 crore and was present across segments such as hair relaxers, after care hair care and hair conditioners. For Marico this was an opportunity to partake in the fast growing market in South Africa. EPCD had 3 leading brands Caivil in premium segment, Black chic in value for money health care and Hercules in OTC health care. Harsh Mariwala said It helps us extend the Marico footprint to a new geography with potential, thus taking us a step further towards becoming a global player in beauty and wellness On 13th August 2010 Marico Ltd acquired over-the-counter health care brand IngweÂÂ ´ from Guideline Trading CC, South Africa, for an undisclosed sum. Ingwe has a turnover of Rs15 crore. This is Maricos second acquisition in South Africa and the 7th globally. It (Ingwe) complements the Hercules range. I am confident this acquisition will strengthen our distribution reachand step up our growth momentum, John Mason, managing director, Marico, South Africa, said in a statement. Maricos South African business recorded a 34% growth in the financial year 2010, now the overall size of the business is Rs63.80 Crore. The Indian consumer goods companies, are facing rising competition at home, and are looking at the African market as an opportunity, where there is rising demand which will boost growth. Egypt Maricos Egypt journey began in 2006, by acquiring the Brand Fiancee which operates in the 3 segments gels, cream and cream-gels. Cream-gels contributed to almost 70% of its business, and it was considered as a pioneer in this market. The major products which came under Maricos fold through this acquisition were Fiancee Hairfood cream, Fiancee 2*1cream gels and a few more. In quick succession by January 2007, Marico acquired a leading hair care brand Hair Code along with its manufacturing facility. It has a highly successful hair gel brand under its wing, which has more than 50% market share. This acquisition really propelled Hair Codes business in the region, with its integration with Maricos strength and expertise in this segment. Immediate analysis shows that mar

What should Betty do?

Betty needs to evaluate the ethical and legal aspect of the situation. Did Betty lied for the Senior Management position? The question Is about what Is right and what is ethical and, what Is the right thing for Betty to do? The current proposed action for Betty Is, whether the action Is legal? According to Bagley and Savage (2009), It Is vital to address the legal Issue first In order to establish the perception that legal compliance is the starting point for any standard.Also the authors stated that â€Å"when you try to keep to the letter of the law while undermining the spirit, you are likely to violate the letter in the end† (p. 26). This implies that it is better to adhere to the law because law helps to shape the competitive environment which affects each of the five forces that determine the attractiveness of an industry. In this regard being part of senior management, it is important for Betty to choose the legal path. Does answering yes to the legal issue, maximize sh areholders value? There are two answers to the question, yes or no. If Betty answers yes, the next question Is, Is It ethical?The Issues of ethical are to prove o the customers, employees, community, environment, and suppliers than satisfying the shareholders. If the proposed Issue maximizes shareholders value and It Is ethical, then Betty has to disclose to the human resource department. Similarly, If her answer in maximizing shareholders value is no, then Betty requires to evaluate the effects and cost on shareholders with regards to other stakeholders. The question is would it be ethical not to take action? If the answer to this question is no, then Betty has to disclose her actions to shareholders.How should Human Resources handle his situation? Since human resources have requested Betty's personal and educational information to update her records, the human resources department needs to give her a deadline as to when the Information is due and also give her the option to set a meeting If she Is unable to come up with the Information at the stipulated time. Until human resources receives the Information or hears from Betty, they should give her the benefit of the doubt without making any Judgment or assumption. In the event where Betty is unable to prove that she has an MBA, and decided to come clean,Human resources should offer her a step down with the option to complete her MBA, voluntary resignation and firing her should be the last resort considering her outstanding performance during her ten years tenure at Colossal. As Senior Vice President, the position requires legally astute managers and leaders are expected to adhere to the laws and ethical standards. As managers, they have to set the ethical tone of the company and employees. Go ethical behavior from leaders is considered good for a business and the authors stated that â€Å"patterns of unethical behavior tend o result In Illegal behavior over time† (p. 3). Reference Bagley, E. & Savage, D. (2009). DUMB 610 course pack: Managers and the legal environment. Coinage Learning: Mason, OH. Is Shaker's behavior ethical? Sharked behavior on one hand is unethical because he was someone â€Å"in the know', he gathers information through colonization from coworkers and shares the same information with other coworkers who may use the information to their advantage. This portrays Sharked as an unethical person that lacks integrity, fairness and honesty. On the other hand, Sharked has the right as an employee to ask questions bout the relationship between his boss and Sheila Sharpe.Sharked should review the company's code of conduct if available for guidance or call the company's ethic hotlist to report his suspicion. According to Bagley and Savage (2009), it may be worthwhile to inform other employees about unethical situation. If other employees did not show interest, through evaluation of his beliefs, Sharked can follow what he feels deem to proceed on the issue. Does it make a difference if the allegation of the affair between his boss and Sheila Sharpe is true or false? It does difference if the allegation of the affair between Sharked boss and Sheila Sharpe is true.If the affair is false this can lead to destroy the personal character of Sheila Sharpe. As a manager, he should set the stage for better ethical environment. As the manager, he the responsibility to enact code of conduct, training employees and arrange a method of reporting misconduct. Sam Cipher finds out that Sharked has been gossiping about him and Sheila Sharpe. Assume the gossip about Sam and Sheila is not true, and Sam wants to fire Sharked. Should the Human Resources Office support his decision? This is a conflicting situation the Sam Cipher should must decide as what is the right thing to do in this situation.According to Barrack â€Å"when trying to resolve problems that raise questions of personal integrity and moral, managers should ask, who am l? † This will reveal Sam Cipher feelings in terms of the conflict at hand and determine if the conflict may affect the company. The Human resource should ask, who are we as an organization? The human resource department should determine the interpretations of the ethical implication on the company. The human resource department should insider the position of the organization in terms of relationship with the stakeholders.

Students Attitudes Toward English Education Essay

Chapter 1This survey is aimed to depict pupils ‘ attitudes toward English in simple schools, Students ‘ attitudes contributes in finding the consequence of their acquisition procedure. English larning procedure will be successful if the instructor knows the pupils ‘ attitudes so the instructor can construct on pupils ‘ positive feeling and counteract pupils ‘ negative feeling ( Moon, 2000 ) . Attitudes, which can be positive or negative, is the respond to stimulus from one ‘s societal environment ( Aiken, 1991 ) . Positive attitudes will do pupils ‘ ! eaming better than the negative or less positive attitudes of the pupils. English has become a popular topic at this clip, particularly for pupils in the novice degree. Nowadays, many simple schools are programming English as their local content topic. It seems that involvement in learning of English of simple school pupils has been turning in recent old ages. English is a new topic for element9ry schools in Indonesia. Based on the author ‘s experienccln learning English at the 4th class of an simple school, some pupils have positive attitudes in larning English and the remainder do non. Since this is the first clip for simple pupils to larn English, it is of import to cognize the pupils ‘ perceptual experiences toward 2 English as a new topic at the beginning of their survey. For kids, success in their acquisition is fundamentally influenced by their first perceptual experience towards the learning acquisition procedure itself. Reilly, V and S. Ward ( 1997 ) said that if kids ‘s first experience of English is enjoyable, they will hold positive attitudes toward English for the remainder of their lives. Therefore it is of import to look into the immature scholars ‘ attitudes toward English because we have to guarantee that their first experienoe in larning English is gratifying so ( hat they have positive attitudes towards English linguistic communication in the hereafter. English as a local content topic in simple schools has been officially taught since 1994. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Culture and Education No. 060/U! 1993 ( as stated by Kasihani, 2000 ) , English can be taught to the 4th class pupils. However, about all of the public schools in Indonesia started to present English from the first class. The ground is the pupils will get English better if English is learned from an early age. Therefore, it is of import to do the instruction English interesting for pupils because there are still few research workers focused on this job. However, learning English for simple pupils should be different from learning junior or senior high school pupils because the alone features of immature scholars. English topic as a portion of Muatan Lokal ( MULOK ) is an elected topic in elementarychool. The intents of learning English in simple school are to do the pupils able to understand by and large used English words, to comrnuriiate in simple English, and to wish English so that they Will 3 feel encouraged in larning English farther in SLTP. Furthermore, they are besides expected to hold positive attitudes toward English so that they will hold a motive to get the hang English in order to be able to pass on with English speech production people ( Kurikulum MULOK SD DKI Jakarta, 1995 ) . In decision, the ultimate end of the instruction of English is to do pupils able to pass on in English. Since Indonesian kids – particularly in the parts outside Jakarta – started school at the age of 6 or 7 old ages, they have been expected to get the hang more than one languages ; regional linguistic communication and Indonesian linguistic communication. Both linguistic communications are used for communicating in learning learning procedure. Sometimes the instructors do non recognize that this status can be one of the factors that hinder the pupils from geting English or, worst of all, make all the linguistic communications they have already learned jumbled. However, the chief aim of acquisition and instruction of English to immature scholars is non to be able to pass on in English. Kasbollah as stated by Nurrofiah ( 2002 ) suggests that the end of learning English to the simple school pupils is centered on edifice positive attitudes toward English. Furthermore, positive attitudes are related to success in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition ( Gardner, 1 895 & gt ; . That ‘s why the pupil ‘s attitude is one of the of import factors, which influence the success of pupils ‘ acquisition. Elementary pupils, as stated by Kasihani ( 2000 ) , are immature scholars with their ain features, which are biological, cognitive, affective, personal, and societal features. Fourth grade pupils, kidsaˆ?aˆ?4 age 8 to 10 old ages old, hold several features, such as, holding their ain positions of the universe every bit good as what they like and dislike making and able to do their ain determinations about what they want to larn ( Scott and Ythreberg stated by Santoso, 1990 ) . In short, immature scholars have already brought their ain positions and attitudes to the schoolroom which will impact their farther acquisition. Although there are merely few research workers that focused on attitudes, the author thinks that it is of import to detect pupils ‘ attitudes. Research findings stated that the most influencing pupils ‘ attitudes toward English were the learning stuffs used by the instructor and the background of larning as their motive. Based on the statements above, the author will oniy focal point on the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English. The pupils ‘ attitudes that the author wants to look into are the responses of English simple pupils in larning English as their foreign linguistic communication and what the simple pupils think about their English categories. The ground of this range of the survey is that pupils already have positions and attitudes toward a topic in larning English, as stated by Moon ( 2000 ) that kids do non come to their English lessons like clean sheet of paper † . Social environment in which pupils grow up and the people around them are one of the factors which give the influence in organizing the pupils ‘ attitudes. Therefore, it is of import to detect how are pupils of simple school ‘s attitudes in larning English and how they give their responses to English instruction in the I 5 schoolroom. It is indispensable to retrieve that success in larning English depends on the manner in ‘which early linguistic communication acquisition programmed. 1,2 Problems Designations An English instructor should take into consideration the pupils ‘ attitudes. It is by and large known that many simple schools in Indonesia start learning English to their pupils from the first class, so, normally, attitude has become an of import factor in the educational field. Based on that, the author identifies the jobs as follow: 1. What are the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English at the 4th class of simple school? 2. What factor can act upon the pupils ‘ attitudes? 3. Make the pupils ‘ attitudes influence the English acquisition procedure in the schoolroom? In this survey, the chief research inquiry is â€Å" what are the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English topic at the 4th class of simple school? † 1.3 Purpose and Beilefit of The Study The intent of the survey is to happen out the attitudes in larning English of pupils at 4th class of simple school. The benefit of the survey is that it is expected to be an input for English instructors to cognize the factors that influence the pupils ‘ attitudes in two 6 larning English at 4th class of simple school. As we know that attitude is one of the of import factors which influence success in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, it is a necessity for an English instructor to cognize their pupils ‘ attitudes so the English acquisition procedure will be successful. 1.4 Scope of The Study The range of this survey is the attitudes of simple school pupils ‘ toward English. In this survey, the author will discourse about immature scholars and foreign linguistic communication, attitudes, and the nature of chiklren ‘s linguistic communication acquisition. 1.5 Method of The Study This survey employed a study attack which used descriptive method to analyze the pupils ‘ attitudes in larning English at the 4th class of simple school. The instruments were questionnaires, interview, and observation.Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWIL1.Theoritical DescriptionIn the theoretical description, there are three facets discussed: ( 1 ) Young Learners and Foreign Language Learning, ( 2 ) Attitude, and ( 3 ) The Nature of Children ‘s Language Learning.1. Young Learners and Foreign Language LearningMost kids start formal instruction at the age of six. They attend simple school between the ages of 6 – 14. Recent surveies in SLTP 2 Tarakan ( Santoso, 2003 ) shows that pupils in first class of Junior high School consisting of 46 respondents or 97.9 % have already learnt English since they were in simple school. Furthermore, some of them, 65.9 % , said that larning English since simple school gave them positive influence. Met ( in Nurrofiah, 2002 ) asserts that immature kids learn languages more rapidly and more expeditiously than older kids or grownups. Young kids besides have more capableness than grownups in the comprehension and repeat accomplishments. ( Brewster, 2002 ) . Furthermore, Anderson and Carol ( 1988 ) argued that when the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition started early, the continuance of the procedure itself is longer so that the pupils can make more pattern and hence hold more experience which lead to the command of the ianuage. Therefore, kids will acquire more .t 8 advantages than grownups in the early acquisition of English. As stated by Kasihani ( 2000 ) , simple pupils are immature scholars who like making things, playing games, and singing vocals. Chomsky, as quoted by Coltrane ( 2004 ) argued that one of the manner of kids linguistic communication acquisition is by copying the sounds and forms which they hear around them and have positive support. But it does n't, intend that kids ‘s head is like a space slates which can be filled merely by copying linguistic communication they hear in the environment because kids are born with particular ability to detect for themselves the underlying regulations of a linguistic communication system. He besides said that kids between 5 until 10 old ages old are still geting the constructions of their first linguistic communication. For kids younger than 5, many facets of their first linguistic communication have non yet to the full developed. So while older scholars have the foundation of a to the full developed foremost linguistic communication when they begin geting a new linguistic communication, younger English linguistic communication scholars are working two things at the same cl ip: the full development of their native linguistic communication and the acquisition of English. There are some factors that influence pupils attitudes. Moon ( 2000 ) argued that younger kids tend to be influenced by their feelings for their instructor, the general acquisition ambiance in the schoolroom, the methods used by the instructor, and their parents ‘ sentiment. This means that kids who are larning a foreign linguistic communication tend to be influenced by the elements of their linguistic communication, which they are I I analyzing along with the foreign 1. In decision, the instruction and larning procedure in the schoolroom should be planned so that the influencing elements that can harm the acquisition of the foreign linguistic communication be reduced every bit low as possible.2. AttitudesAttitude is an of import construct that helps people to understand their societal word. Based on Gordon ‘s statement ( 2002 ) an attitude refers to a individual inclination to systematically react to assorted facets of people, situatiop. , or objects. An attitude could be inferred from a individual ‘s statement about their beliefs and feelings and from people ‘s from what they say, what they do, and how they react. Baron and Byrne ( 1987 ) as stated by Gagne and Medsker ( 1996 ) showed these three facets as the ABC theoretical account A for affect, B for behaviour, and C for knowledge. These three constituents are primary or which are the cause of the others. He besides stated that these three constituents are extremely interconnected and believed that all may be useflully employed in attitude development. The same sentiment was stated from Forsyth, Don ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.alleydog.com ) . He defined an attitude can act upon the behaviour because attitude is an affectional feeling about wishing or disliking toward an object. He besides said that an attitude is non a feeling, knowledge, or a signifier of behaviour. It combined all three constituents in an â€Å" incorporate affect – knowledge – behaviour system † . foot means that attitude are made of three constituents that all influence each 9 10 other. If one constituent alterations, it will act upon the full attitude construction. In add-on, each constituent non merely has an influence on the attitude construction as a whole, but besides on each other constituent. While Luthans, Fred ( 2001 ) argued that attitudes can be divided into three basic constituents emotional, informational, and behavioural. The emotional constituents involve the individual ‘s feeling or affect — positive, impersonal, or negative – about an object. Emotion will be given specific attending as a type of intelligence. The informational constituents consist of the beliefs and information the person has about the object. It makes no difference whether or non this information is through empirical observation existent or correct. The behavior constituent consists of a individual ‘s inclinations to act in a peculiar manner toward an object. Oskamp, Stuart ( 1991 ) describe Tn Componential View point of attitude, there are 1 ) a cognitive constituent, dwelling of the thoughts and beliefs which the attitude holder has about the attitude object, 2 ) an affectional ( emotional ) constituent which refers to the feelings and emotions one has toward the object, 3 ) a behavior constituent, dwelling of one ‘s action tendencies toward the object. Aiiother reseather, Morrel and Lederman ( 1998 ) as stated by Sa'di Irnad defined the attitude object as an digesting positive or negative feeling toward schdol. Moon ( 2000 ) concludes that there are two factors that influences, pupils ‘ attitudes ; they are in school inf uences and out-school influences. The in- school influences are larning procedure, school civilizations, method, stuffs, and instructor. And the out-of-school influences are peer groups, parents, local young person civilization, and media. In add-on to the information above, Sa'di imad ( 2001 ) from Yarmouk University found that most primary schools in Jordan had lack appropriate acquisition environment. It is caused by the schoolroom which are crowded, no comfy children's-size place, non adequate infinite for drama at break clip, excessively many place plants and really short interruption which do non let kids clip to eat. From this state of affairs, the survey begiii. In general, the consequence of this survey indicated that kids in Jordanian Primary schools ‘ attitudes toward school were negative. From the above survey, it is really clear that kids ‘ attitudes are really of import and can impact their educational public presentation. Beside that, the bad school environment truly affects pupils ‘ attitudes toward the school itself, which will give negative influence to their attitudes toward larning From all the definition, there are several sentiments about the facets of attitude. The line can be drawn as in the tabular array below: 11Table 2.1No BeginningsOpinion1. Gagne and Medsker ( 1996 ) Divide an attitude into three facets. There are cognitive, affectional, and connation 2. Forsyth Don ( 2006 ) Attitude is an â€Å" incorporate affect-cognition-behavior system 3. Fred Luthans Divide attitude into three constituents. ‘There are ( 2001 ) emotional, informational, and behavioural 4. Oskamp Stuart Divide attitude into three componential points of ( 1991 ) position. There are cognitive constituent, affectional constituent, and behavior constituent R 12 It can be seen from the tabular array above that this survey employed cognitive, affectional, and connation as constituents of attitude because these footings convey broader significances. We can reason that attitude is the positive or negative feelings people have in respond to the state of affairss they are involved in. The more positive the attitude they have towards a certain circumstance, the easier their credence to the circumstance will be.3. The Nature of Chikiren ‘s Language LearningTeaching English to immature scholars is really ambitious because at this degree they are larning how to manage with their school life, larning to go literate and go oning to develop constructs. As kids grow older, their concentration are span additions ( Brewster, 1991 ) . It can be hard to make the sort of assortment needed to maintain their attending. We all know that kids are different from grownups so we need to cognize these differences in order to admit and to measure to optimie the acquisition experience for immature scholars. The survey will concern about immature scholars, which are at 4th class of simple school, it is between eight to ten old ages old. Many research workers agree that kids have a inclination to utilize a linguistic communication. There are common features in larning first linguistic communication and larning 2nd linguistic communication. However recent surveies stated that imitation, repeat, and formulaic address are the first scheme to be used when immature kids larning a foreign linguistic communication ( Tough, 1991 ) . ; 1 – _____________________ ; 0 ]I13 Based on Anderson and Carol ( 1998 ) , kids whose ages are eight to ten old ages old are really easy to accept new state of affairss and new people. It is assumed that they will be eager and interested in larning something different, in this instance different linguistic communication from their native 1. Yani ( 2003 ) in his diary Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Aktif, Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menyenangkan ( PAKEM ) in simple school, provinces that each kids has different features so they will necessitate different ways of acquisition. Children are different from grownups in their hope, their ideas, and their behaviour. Their features are besides different with the features of SLTP pupils or SMU pupils. Therefore, instructors should change the instruction and larning procedure in category so that they can suit these different features. Vygotksy, supported by Scoot and Ytrebereg ( as stated by Saritoso, 2004 ) said that larning procedure for immature scholars should be concentrated on the scholars features, Scott and Ytreberg sure that immature scholars are larning by making. Whereas Kahn ( hypertext transfer protocol: //puinas.jpl.nasa.gov ) explained that kids at this age can understand regulations and can follow, they like group activities and jaunts, takes inaugural and areself motivated, going an independent scholar, a perfectionist who will pattern the same thing over and over once more, avoid the opposite sex and, the 1as one, they can sit still and listen 20 – 30 proceedingss. Harmonizing to Mustafa ( 2002 ) , immature scholars have some features, they are: kids learn of course, they know a batch about 14 literacy before come ining school, all kids can larn, kids learn best when acquisition is meaningful, interesting, functional, and they can do their ain picks, kids learn best when they are in a non – competitory environment by speaking and making things in a societal context. Therefore, the procedure of teaci'ing and larning in the category besides should be designed in such a manner to ease these features,11.2. Conceptual ModelFrom the treatment above, it can reason that there are many factors that influence pupils ‘ attitudes toward English. Since this is the first clip for pupils larning English, it is of import to cognize what the pupils ‘ attitude toward English because positive attitudes will do pupils ‘ acquisition better. It has been discussed earlier that this survey employed the footings cognitive, affectional, and connation as constituents of attitude. The constituents of the attitudes itself are besides related to each other. Cognitive, affectional, and connation are the dimension to be used in mensurating the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English. in cognitive, there are backgrounds of larning English, stuff used by the instructor, and material presentation. In Affective, there are the pupils experiencing about their instructor, schoolmates, and the method i13 larning Englisk And in Connation there is inclination for making something. When pupils have the background of larning English, the personal sentiment about the topic, the instructor and the schoolmates, they 15 will finally larn the topics based on those old sentiment and judgement. This point of position will be the footing of developing the instrument of this survey as seen on the tabular array below: Table 2.2 Dimension Index 1. Cognitive Idea Opinion . Beliefs aˆ? Backgroimd of larning English Aim aˆ? Material aˆ? Material Presentation 2. Affective. Feeling. Assurance aˆ? Teacher aˆ? Classmate aˆ? Method 3. Connation aˆ? Action aˆ? Behavior aˆ? Tendency for making somethingChapter IIIMethodologyThis Chapter describes the methodological analysis used in carry oning the survey. Detailss on methodological analysis of the survey covering ; the attack waterless method used in the survey, the participants of the survey, clip and topographic point of the survey, the instruments of the survey, and the processs in roll uping and analysing the information. 111.1 The Approach and Method used in The Survey This is a descriptive quantitative survey in the signifier of small-scale study. The research worker did study in order to portray the bing status of the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English at the 4th class of simple school. As citied in Nunan ( 1993 ) , studies are the most normally used descriptive method in educational research, and may change in range from large-scale governmental probes through to small-scale surveies carried out by a individual research worker. In add-on, â€Å" the aimed of study is to gauge every bit exactly as possible the nature bing conditions, or the property of a population † ( p. 140 ) . The attack which used is descriptive analytical because the features ofthe survey is to explicate about the pupils ‘ thoughts or sentiments toward pupils ‘ background of larning English, intent, stuff, method of material presentation ; pupils ‘ experiencing toward their English instructor, schoolmates, and method used by the instructor and pupils action or inclination 17 schoolmates, and method used by the instructor ; and pupils action or inclination in making something. The study informations are collected through questionnaires or interviews, or a combination of questionnaires and interview ( Nunan, 1993 ) . In this survey, the research worker used a questionnaire, interview, and observation to roll up the information. The chief ground underlying the research worker used descriptive study was the research worker was more interested in happening out pupils ‘ attitudes toward English at the 4th class of simple school that was reflected on their reaction to the stuffs presented and the methods employed by the instructor. 111.2. The Participants of The Study The participants of the survey were 40 pupils of the 4th class of simple school in SDN Percontohan 02 pagi Cipinang Cempedak, East Jakarta. Their ages were between 9-11 old ages old. They live in common lodging. Most of their parents ‘ occupations were PNS or civil retainers, instructors, employees in private companies, homemakers, and business communities. Merely some pupils joined English classs outside the school. And the mean of the English mark of all the pupils in this category is 7.111.3 Time and Place of The StudyThe survey was conducted from January 2005-beginning with the preliminary survey. The informations were gathered from December 2005 to February 18 The topographic point of this survey was in SDN Percontohan Cipinang Cempedak 02 Pagi. This school is a theoretical account simple authorities school in Jatinegara territory because it has a batch of accomplishments. The survey conducted in this school because English is taught at that place. In add-on, this school is = considered as a school with good quality. So the author can compare the consequence of the survey with other school of lower quality. In decision a theoretical account simple school is expected to hold pupils with positive attitudes toward English because an ability trial was given to them when they foremost enrolled the school.ffl.4 The Instruthents of the StudyIn this survey, the research worker used questionnaire and interview as the instruments to roll up the information. 111.4.1. Questionnaire The questionnaire was constructed based on the dimension of the attitude ; there are cognitive, affectional, and connation. The inquiries were about the pupils ‘ cognitive, affectional, and conflation toward English. The indexs are pupils ‘ thoughts or sentiments toward pupils ‘ background of larning English, intent, stuff, method of material presentation ; pupils ‘ experiencing toard their English instructor, schoolmates, and method used by the instructor ; and pupils action or inclination in making something. The uestionnaire was written in Indonesia in order to do the III IillJlHtu1F ; 1 IiL ______________ ; 0 ] 19 letter writers understand what are being asked by utilizing Gutman Type graduated table method. Djaali ( 2000 ) stated that Gutman graduated table is merely used to happen definite reply. The research worker used this type of questionnaire in order to do it easier for the pupils to reply the inquiries because they are non open-ended inquiries. There were merely two optional replies, â€Å" yes † or â€Å" no † . The inquiries consisted of 26 closed inquiries about the pupils ‘ attitudes toward English at the 4th class of simple school. The mark is 1 for positive reply and 0 for negative reply. Table 3.1 shows the dimensions and the indexs of statements categorization in the questionnaire.Table 3.1111.4.2 Interview The interview was conducted outside the category. Because of the limited clip of the survey, the research worker Merely interviews 10 pupils from all pupils. These 10 pupils are chosen based on the consequence of the questionnaire informations that were believed represent the positive, mean, and negative attitudes. it was in the signifier ofDimensionIndexNoEntire1. Cognitive .. Idea aˆ? Opinion aˆ? Beliefs aˆ? Background of larning English aˆ? Purpose aˆ? Material aˆ?_Material_Presentation 1,7 2 1,23 2,5,6 3,4 2 2 3 2 2. Affectional aˆ? Feeling aˆ? Assurance aˆ? Teacher aˆ? Classmate aˆ?Method 9,10,12 8,14 11,15,17,20 3 2 4 3. Conflation. Action aˆ?_Behavior aˆ? Tendency for making something 13,16,18,19 2,24 25,26 8 20 open-ended inquiries consisted of 8 inquiries that recorded on the cassette. Each inquiry represented one index. The interview is done to happen the pupils ‘ feeling and sentiment toward English. Table 3.2 shows the dimensions and the indexs of the statement categorization in the interview. 111.4.3 ObservationTable 3.2DimensionIndexNo 1EntireI. Cognitive O Idea aˆ? Opinion aˆ? Beliefs aˆ? Background of larning English aˆ? Material aˆ? Purpose aˆ? Material Presentation 3, 5 2 4 2 1 1 2. Affectional aˆ? Feeling. Assurance aˆ? Teacher aˆ? Classmate aˆ? Method 6 8 7 1 1 1 3. Connation.Action aˆ? Behavior aˆ? Tendency for making something 9 10 1 1 The research worker observed the state of affairs and the status of the English schoolroom by clicking ( I ) Yes ( Ya ) or No ( Tidak ) based on the activity happened in the schoolroom consists of 40 pupils. In the observations signifiers there are merely the dimensions of connation because in the observation the research worker merely want to ascertained pupils ‘ public presentation that reflected from their action and behaviour in the English category. Table 3.3 shows the dimensions and the indexs of statements categorization in the observation. Dimension Indicator 1 Connation aˆ? Tendency for making aˆ? , Action and Behavior I somethingTable 3.321 111.4.4 Pilot Study Before making the research, the research worker tried out the questionnaire in order to prove the cogency and the dependability of the questionnaire. There was a theoretical account questionnaire which was designed for pilot survey before the existent questionnaire given to the pupils. After the questionnaire had been designed, so it was clip lbr the research worker to attest the questionnaire whether it was valid and dependable to utilize in a following existent questionnaire. The questionnaires were tried out to 10 pupils. L Validity The research worker used Dis-Continuum Score to prove the cogency of the questionnaire. Based on Djaali ( 2000 ) , Dis-Continuum Score trial is used for nonsubjective inquiries with are scored 0 or 1. The research worker used this manner in mensurating cogency in order to cognize whether the statements in the questionnaires were valid or non. The expression of the Dis-Continuum Score is: run batted in ) coefficient correlativity between mark of inquiry figure I with entire figure of mark Eleven = mean of entire figure of mark in inquiry figure I Xt mean of entire respondent ; 1 I. . . . H†¦ ; 0 ] Two 22 St standard divergence of mark entire respondent = entire figure of right reply for inquiry figure I qi = entire figure of incorrect reply for inquiry figure I From the computation above ( see Appendix A.4 ) , the consequence showed that from 30 inquiries, there was four inquiries were non valid. For n =10, the mark for R tabular array is 0,632. l'he mark which was under 0.632 ( see Appendix A.7 for R tabular array ) was non valid. 2. Dependability The research worker used expression of coefficient alpha to prove the dependability of the questionnaire. The expression is as follows coefficient of trial dependability K = inquiry figure Si2 = discrepancies of mark inquiry St2 = discrepancies score entire The consequence of the computation is 0.996 ( see Appendix A.6 ) . Based on the Pearson-product minute tabular array, 0.996 is between230.8 and 1.00 ( see Appendix A.8 ) . it can be concluded that the dependability of the questionnaire is high. 11L5 The Procedures in Collecting and Analyzing The Data I1L5J Research Procedure The research worker did the pilot trial before making the survey in order to cognize whether or non the pupils understood the statements in the questionnaires. Because the research worker merely used 30 pupils from 40 pupils in the questionnaire, the pilot trial was given to 10 pupils who were non given questionnaire. These 10 pupils were mix-ability pupils, consisted of pupils who are cagey, mean, and decelerate scholars based on the informations from their English instructor. The questionnaires were given to 30 pupils and 40 pupils were observed ; and because of the limited clip of the survey the research worker merely interviewed 10 pupils out of 30 pupils or it is peers to 33.3 % that were believed to stand for the positive, negative and mean attitudes. As stated by Burns ( 2000 ) , the sample size of the population besides has to be considered, the larger the sample the better. This does non intend that big sample is sufficient to vouch truth of consequence. The research worker were ascertained pupils ‘ public presentations one time a hebdomad for 3.0 proceedingss harmonizing to their English agenda in that 24 school. The observation was conducted 2 times. Merely one of the two observed pupils ‘ public presentations was examined, it was the public presentation that the research worker assessed as the best 1. 111.5.2 Data Analysis The survey represents a study attack, which normally used descriptive method in order to reply the inquiries introduced in chapter 1. In this method, the informations are gathered through questionnaire, interview, and observation. The information gathered from the questionnaire are quantitative informations, which are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The qualitative informations are taken from interview and observation. The description of the interview consequence is aimed to enrich the information of the questionnaire consequence, and the description of the observation is used to look into the pupils ‘ attitudes harmonizing to their public presentation or action during the English category. 111.5.2.1 Quantitative Data The quantitative informations are calculated from th consequence of the questionnaires. The respondents ‘ reply was classified harmonizing to emerging classs. Then, the information was quantified into per centum signifier. The qualitative information was utilizing ordinal graduated table ; the mark 1 for positive reply and 0 for negative reply ( see appendix A.4 ) . After that, the frequence analysis was carried out to

Free Essays on Augustus

Ancient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. The seven hills of the ancient city are the Palatine, roughly in the center, with the Capitoline to the northwest and the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine in an outlying north-southwest curve. The Pincian, N of the Quirinal, is not included among the seven. In the westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Quirinal, lies the Martian Field (Campus Martius), facing the Vatican across the Tiber. On the side of the Tiber opposite the Palatine is the Janiculum, a ridge running north and south, which was fortified in early times.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in the first millennium BC the Tiber divided the Italic peoples from the Etruscans in the north and west (see Etruscan civilization ). Not far to the north were the borders between the Sabines and the Latins ; the Sabines were closely related to Roman life from the very beginning. The hills of Rome, free from the malaria that had been the bane of the low-lying plains of Latium, were a healthful and relatively safe place to live and a meeting ground for Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. In the 8th cent. BC, the fortified elevation of the Palatine was probably taken by Etruscans, who amalgamated the tiny hamlets about the Palatine into a city-state. Tradition tells of the founding of Rome by Romulus in 753 BC (hence the dating ab urbe condita, or AUC, i.e., from the founding of the city), and of the Tarquin family, the Etruscan royal house. It was probably Etruscan rule that civilized Rome and gave it the hegemony of Latium. The Roman Republic   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romans overthrew their foreign rulers c.500 BC and established the Roman republic, which lasted four centuries. The patrician class controlled the government, but the plebs (who comprised by far the major portion of the population) were allowed to elect the two patrician consuls, wh... Free Essays on Augustus Free Essays on Augustus Ancient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. The seven hills of the ancient city are the Palatine, roughly in the center, with the Capitoline to the northwest and the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine in an outlying north-southwest curve. The Pincian, N of the Quirinal, is not included among the seven. In the westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Quirinal, lies the Martian Field (Campus Martius), facing the Vatican across the Tiber. On the side of the Tiber opposite the Palatine is the Janiculum, a ridge running north and south, which was fortified in early times.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in the first millennium BC the Tiber divided the Italic peoples from the Etruscans in the north and west (see Etruscan civilization ). Not far to the north were the borders between the Sabines and the Latins ; the Sabines were closely related to Roman life from the very beginning. The hills of Rome, free from the malaria that had been the bane of the low-lying plains of Latium, were a healthful and relatively safe place to live and a meeting ground for Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. In the 8th cent. BC, the fortified elevation of the Palatine was probably taken by Etruscans, who amalgamated the tiny hamlets about the Palatine into a city-state. Tradition tells of the founding of Rome by Romulus in 753 BC (hence the dating ab urbe condita, or AUC, i.e., from the founding of the city), and of the Tarquin family, the Etruscan royal house. It was probably Etruscan rule that civilized Rome and gave it the hegemony of Latium. The Roman Republic   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romans overthrew their foreign rulers c.500 BC and established the Roman republic, which lasted four centuries. The patrician class controlled the government, but the plebs (who comprised by far the major portion of the population) were allowed to elect the two patrician consuls, wh...

Choose a public policy in Hong Kong Essays

Choose a public policy in Hong Kong Essays Choose a public policy in Hong Kong Essay Choose a public policy in Hong Kong Essay Incremental decision making model has contributed much to our understanding of how policies are made and implemented. The purpose of this paper is to address the decision making model applied in Hong Kong by illustrating the environmental policies that have been made in the last two decades. Environmental policy was chosen in this paper because it has again become a popular point of discussion in Hong Kong due to the massive concern by the Chief Executive in his policy address. Besides, there are few controversial issues in recent years that aroused public concern and discussion too, such as the building of Disneyland, the development of Sha Lo Tung and the Western Railway Project by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC). This essay mainly comprised of three parts. First, I will mention the main features and characteristics of the incremental decision making model. Secondly, I will briefly discuss the environmental policies in Hong Kong in the last two decades, especially the Ordinances imposed by the Environmental Protection Department (EPD). Finally, I will analyze how the environmental policies have been made in the period and if they can be explained by the incremental decision making model. The main argument of this paper is that the incremental model is the most appropriate one in explaining the Hong Kong government in making environmental policies. Incrementalism Levine (1990, p. 82) suggests, incrementalism is the prevailing mode of describing and explaining decision-making in some government. Their public decision making seems as muddling through rather than as a comprehensive search for the best policy possible. So incrementalism basically refers to the decision makers take what they are currently doing as given, and make small, incremental, marginal adjustments in their current behaviors. Lindblom (Levine, 1990, p. 83) argued that public decisions are best made in small steps, as Human intelligence and decision making capacity are limited; the world and its policy problems are complex. Collins (1995, p. 79) added, instead of specifying objectives and specifying what policies would fulfill these objectives, the decision maker reaches decisions by comparing specific policies and the extent to which these policies will help in achieving the aims. The alternative strategy of small steps away from the status quo is called disjointed incrementalism, which involves examining policies which differ slightly from each other. There is a general consensus that disjointed incrementalism is a good description of how decisions are actually made in organisations. Incrementalism is a good description of how policies are actually made and a good example of how policies should be made. In fact, the central features of incrementalism can be outlined in four points. First, there is limited number of alternatives are considered, only marginally different from the status quo and from each other. Second, policy problems can never be solved once and for all, but through a series of trial-and-error modifications. Third, it is characterized by consensual which all policy makers agree upon after negotiation and compromise. Fourth, most policies are remedial in nature. Policy makers are reactive in only responding to problems already occurred, not to pursue any desirable societal value. In short, incremental policy-making is a process of mutual adjustment among a multiplicity of actors having different self-interests and divergent conceptions of the public interest (Hayes 1992, 13). According to the model, decision-making produces policies that depart ever so slightly from previous ones (Lindblom 1979, 517). Hence, this type of decision-making is incremental in nature. Therefore, it can be predicted that better policy will be resulted if decision makers launch only small departures from existing policies, assess how well those small departures work, and then make any additional adjustments that are necessary or desirable. According to Levine (1990, p. 83), decision making is by successive limited comparisons rather than by large leaps into the unknown and perhaps unknowable. The approach helps to avoid major expensive errors and permits erroneous decisions to be revised. Moreover, Levine (1990, p. 83) further suggested that incremental decisions aimed to minimize costs rather than maximize benefits. If a policy problem is difficult to understand and policy makers lack any firm knowledge about the root causes of it, searching for perfect policy (rational approach) seems to be illogical and impossible. Background of the Environmental Policy in Hong Kong Pollution has been concerned very much by the government in recent decades and it has been commonly regarded as the major environmental problem in Hong Kong. Therefore, several Ordinances that have been imposed in order to tackle the problem. However, these Ordinances are mainly focus on four types of pollution: water pollution, noise pollution, air pollution and waste pollution. (i) Water Pollution Control Ordinance All discharges, other than domestic sewage to a foul sewer or unpolluted water to a storm drain, must be covered by an effluent discharge licence. The licence specifies the permitted physical, chemical and microbial quality of the effluent and the general guidelines are that the effluent does not damage sewers or pollute inland or inshore marine waters (EPD, 2003). (ii) Noise Pollution Control Ordinance Neighbourhood noise and noise from construction, industrial and commercial activities are controlled by the Noise Control Ordinance. Neighbourhood noise in the context of providing quick relief to the public is generally controlled by the police (EPD, 2003). (iii) Air Pollution Control Ordinance Air pollution was already a concern in the early 1970s when the Government began monitoring sulphur dioxide levels. In the light of this, Air Pollution Control (Fuel Restriction) Regulation introduced in 1990. This monitoring, which has expanded over the years to cover seven major pollutants and provide daily information and forecasts, provided evidence of a worsening problem (EPD, 2003). (iv) Waste Control Ordinance It regulates the dumping of waste in public places or on Government land, or on private premises without the consent of the owner or occupier. Apart from this general provision, there are Waste Disposal (Chemical Waste) General Regulations; Waste Disposal (Livestock Waste) Regulations; and Import and Export of Waste Control (EPD, 2003). Environmental Policy-making since 1980s Nowadays, the pollution problem still exist in Hong Kong, though the government has put extensive attention and resources it. Since 1980s, nevertheless, the major sources of pollution in Hong Kong are not only from households or factories, but also attributed to the developments and construction projects carried out by both the private developers and government itself. In fact, environmental degradation is not just an incidental and unwanted result of some minor deficiencies in the economic process. Rather, its roots may go as deep as the decision-making mechanisms at work within the economic process and the social and political forces that operates on it. Undoubtedly, some development proposals and projects could bring significant benefits to the Hong Kong community. However, they also have the potential to cause environmental damage unless they adopt environmentally sound design and implementation practice. Instead of looking for a perfect policy or full solution to the environmental problems, the Hong Kong government may alleviate the problem on a step-by-step basis by using the following two means.