Political Polarization Is Defined As The Division Into Two...

According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Polarization is defined as the â€Å"division into two opposites†. (Merriam-Webster) Political Polarization refers to the perceived division of ideologies espoused between the two major political parties in the United States. The topic of political polarization is one frequently referenced in the media and in political discussions. Does political polarization actually exist or is it a myth? In this paper, this question will be analyzed and examined and a conclusion will be reached. In order to understand the concept of political polarization one must first understand the meaning of ideology. Ideology is defined as â€Å"a manner or†¦content of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture.†(Merriam-Webster) Voting based on ones ideology is considered a rather recent phenomenon. Prior to the rise of ideological based voting, candidates were selected and scrutinized based on their own personal attributes and characteristics rather than their ideas. Prior to the 1970’s, there was not a huge difference in ideology between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. For example, take for instance the House and Senate votes on the passage of the Social Security Act in 1935. In this vote both Democrats and Republicans were widely in support of its passage. (SSA) This is in stark contrast to today when neither party can agree on the future of Social Security. Another example would be the passage of the landmark Voting Rights ActShow MoreRelatedPolarization Is Increasing. Good Or Bad, The Electorate1535 Words   |  7 PagesPolarization is increasing. Good or bad, the electorate is dividing more and more down party lines. Voters are struggling against each other in increasingly rigid groups with increasingly rigid ideologies. In Polarized Public Alan Abramowitz catalogs the data showing this trend through time (2013). The trend towards the poles of American politics has continues si nce his studies and shows no sign of stopping. Abramowitz gives some historical insight into the increasing division between politicalRead MoreDemocracy, Demagoguery, And Critical Rhetoric1444 Words   |  6 Pagesto hear. In order to gain their audience’s support, most political leaders and public speakers use the practice of demagoguery to have useful influence held towards their argument. In Patricia Roberts-Miller’s article â€Å"Democracy, Demagoguery, and Critical Rhetoric,† analyzes what demagoguery is and how it affects the audience. Speakers or authoritative figures that engage with demagoguery use strategies such as scapegoating and polarization in order to establish a separation between in-groups andRead MoreCulture War By Morris Fiorina6419 Words   |  26 Pageshave shifted. A large point of Fiorina’s is his take on the 2004 election. He ends the book with, how did our great nation get to this position of proclaimed polarization, and how do we improve from here? In chapter 1, Morris Fiorina begins the book by describing the fiery dispute between Pat Buchanan and George H. W. Bush. He segues these two politicians battling it out in strong disagreement into the cultural war in America. Fiorina refers to culture war as a displacement of the traditional economicRead MoreWhat Are the Differences and Similarities Between Marxs and Webers Understandings of Capitalist Society?2939 Words   |  12 PagesEssay: What are the differences and similarities between Marxs and Webers understandings of capitalist society? Introduction Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Max Weber (1864-1920) are two remarkable founding fathers of Sociology. Both of them spent huge effort to study the rise of capitalist society. Marx created conflict theory paradigm called Marxism while Weber inspired the symbolic interactionism, both paradigm are still influential nowaday. This paper would try to discuss the differences andRead MoreWhat Are the Differences and Similarities Between Marxs and Webers Understandings of Capitalist Society?2948 Words   |  12 PagesEssay: What are the differences and similarities between Marxs and Webers understandings of capitalist society? Introduction Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Max Weber (1864-1920) are two remarkable founding fathers of Sociology. Both of them spent huge effort to study the rise of capitalist society. Marx created conflict theory paradigm called Marxism while Weber inspired the symbolic interactionism, both paradigm are still influential nowaday. This paper would try to discuss the differences and similaritiesRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States2164 Words   |  9 PagesExtended Essay Rough Draft The political system of the United States of America is based upon democratic and republican principles, giving birth to the representative democracy that is our government today. Over the many years since the founding of the nation and our first president, George Washington, politics has separated itself into factions, more commonly called parties, based on common and shared beliefs, religion, and ideals. The development of these parties has encouraged corruption toRead MoreFeminism : A Social, Economic, And Social Equality Of The Sexes1465 Words   |  6 Pagestime left over maybe, just maybe, to fight for women’s rights. Now, there are definitely feminists that fulfill this stereotype but the vast majority of women and men do not. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, feminism is defined as â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.† This does not mean that women are better than men, or that they deserve more money or resp ect. Nowhere in this definition does it mention that all feminists are lesbians and all men areRead MoreEssay The Future of Public Administration1772 Words   |  8 PagesAdvise  · Warn  · Assist those responsible for state policy  · And, when this has been decided, to provide the organization for implementing it. The responsibility for policy decisions lies with the political members of the executive (those members who have been elected or appointed to give political direction to government and, customarily, career civil servants). By custom, civil servants are protected from public blame or censure for their advice. The acts of their administration may, howeverRead MoreSerbian Nationalism And Identity Of A Nation State s Identity3643 Words   |  15 Pagesage-class, ideology etc.2 The problem with Serbian national identity is that there is not enough security in the aforementioned criterion historically. Ristic states that â€Å"defining national identity upon values and ideology leads in Serbia to two relatively opposite understandings of national identity and the values and norms each of them is based upon: 1. Serbia as a western European country, respectively a country that belongs to the western culture. This identity is closely linked to liberal valuesRead MoreCross Cultural Management5280 Words   |  22 Pagesparents (Richmond and Gestrin, 1998). In a period of rapid changes, the polarization of relationships largely depends on racial lines, but not only (Hofmeyr et al., 1994). Oppositions that go along the racial lines are between: (a) the Third World and First world, (b) unskilled and skilled workers, (c) Trade Unions and Corporate management, (d) workers and managers. Some other cultural oppositions may include a polarization of relationship between: (e) males and females, (f) rural and urban populations

Utilitarianism And Bernard Williams Critique Of...

Monika Mahmutovic (301180032) PHIL 221 Fall 2015 Instructor: Dr. Jennifer Warriener Wednesday, December 2, 2015 Demotivating Us to be Moral?: Utilitarianism’s Moral Overburdening and Bernard Williams’ Critique Utilitarianism, at first, appears to be a rather uncontroversial ethical theory in that it bases its plausibility on its basic principle of maximizing human happiness. Even so, it proves to be rather problematic in many of its aspects as soon as one discerns how this ethical account ascribes moral value to actions. Particularly, one worrying issue for utilitarianism, which I will be delving into, deals with is its demands on the way in which agents are required to act and lead their lives in order for them to be considered moral and for their lives to be considered good. The challenges surrounding the stringent requirements of utilitarianism and its tendency to overburden moral agents with these requirements is pointed out by Bernard Williams in his 1973 essay â€Å"A Critique of Utilitarianism.† Williams’ worry boils down to this: if utilitarianism judges the morality of actions solely on the basis of whether they maximize happiness (or not), then it seems that age nts who are not at every moment engaged in acts that are increasing the overall goodness in the world are either both directly and indirectly responsible for others’ suffering that is caused or results of their actions or inaction. This commitment utilitarianism ties us to is what Williams refers to asShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Aspects Of Utilitarianism1619 Words   |  7 PagesSir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams greatly influenced philosophical ethics through several studies on the moral aspects of Utilitarianism. His complex thinking and theories, along with his unique approach, gave him a great amount of recognition towards other theorists in his field. He expressed the majority of his beliefs through his writings in which he stressed his critiques of Utilitarianism and Kantianism and emphasized the importance of moral rational. His study of both external and internal reasoningRead MoreBernard Williams Vs Rule Utilitarianism1606 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is based o ff of the idea that actions are right if they are beneficial and support the majority. When a person is faced with a decision, he or she must think about the consequences in terms of pleasure versus pain. That person has a moral obligation to figure out which outcome is the better one. Majority of this paper will discuss act utilitarianism versus rule utilitarianism and different philosophical objections to each. Act utilitarianism is best described as actions that lead toRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Flaws Of John Stuart Mill s Defends Utilitarianism Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEthics from a Global Perspective 7 December 2016 Utilitarianism and its Flaws John Stuart Mill’s defends utilitarianism, an ethical theory according to which, as he puts it, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (155 Ethics). In other words, actions are morally right if they make us happy and actions are morally wrong if they make us unhappy. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which an action is morally rightRead MoreIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn Utilitarianism For and Against by Bernard Williams, Williams has an argument that is based on the value of integrity. Integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles or moral uprightness. In Williams argument he believes in certain circumstances utilitarianism requires agents to abandon their personal projects and commitments. This lead Williams to claim that utilitarianism is a n attack on an agent’s integrity. In my essay I will explain Williams’s argumentRead MoreHappiness Is Worth No More Than Anyone Happiness1980 Words   |  8 Pagesaction by its consequences. It would also be wise to have rules, or restrictions to the idea of pursuing what we pleasure. This way to live and to be wise is referred to as the greatest happiness principle, or utilitarianism as laid out by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism, quoting John Stuart Mill s: â€Å"holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong in proportion as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† (Mill, 1861). Furthermore, whenRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Criticisms Of Utilitarianism1437 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism And Its Critiques Utilitarianism is a well known consequentialist ethical theory popularized in the 19th century by a philosopher named John Stuart Mill. Mill was one of the greatest proponents of utilitarianism but many philosophers since have revealed significant flaws with his theory, one being a more contemporary philosopher named Bernard Williams. Williams has many objections with utilitarianism, which i will divulge momentarily and determine whether these objections are justifiedRead MoreKant s Powerful Reasoning For Moral Atrocities1525 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper i will argue that Kantian reasoning provides the most powerful understanding of how to assess and navigate moral dilemmas concerning atrocities when compared to Utilitarianism. In order to effectively do so, i will be using a case by Bernard Williams. The case by Williams in â€Å"A critique of Utilitarianism,† is as followed. Jim is in a small South American town where he finds a band of armed men holding twenty indians hostaged. Pedro, the man in charge, explains that because ofRead MoreCritically Evaluating Medical Ethics And Legal Issues1403 Words   |  6 Pagesparent and child or spouse and spouse and focuses more on relationships between harmer and harmee and promiser and promisee. Our duty to the latter will definitely be different compared to our more significant relationships. On the other hand, Utilitarianism is more of a straightforward theory and its main aim is to maximize happiness and minimize harm as much as possible. Its widely accepted around the world because of its fair nature. At the end of the day everyone wants to be happy. The actionRead MoreThe Role of Justice in Society2403 Words   |  10 Pagesthem the additional assets they require. J.J.C. Smart is concerned with a branch of utilitarianism called ‘act-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism is the ethical perspective that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends only on the total goodness or badness of its consequences. Smarts interpretation of justice is two fold: the role of justice in utilitarian ideology, and through a contrast of utilitarianism and Rawls theory. Smart argues that the notion of distribution is irrelevant to utilitariansRead More The Role of Justice in Society Essay2374 Words   |  10 Pagesthe additional assets they require. J.J.C. Smart is concerned with a branch of utilitarianism called ‘act-utilitarianism’. Act-utilitarianism is the ethical perspective that â€Å"the rightness or wrongness of an action depends only on the total goodness or badness of its consequences†. Smart’s interpretation of justice is two fold: the role of justice in utilitarian ideology, and through a contrast of utilitarianism and Rawls theory. Smart argues that the notion of distribution is irrelevant to utilitarians

ANNE BOGART ESSAY free essay sample

Bogart was passionate about making theatre that would reclaim theatre as an arena for action in which audiences are communally engaged Challenging, p. 288). She did not believe in theatre as being a sort of pre- packaged product to be sold to audiences and easily digested. She wanted to invite her audiences to really become active receivers of the theatre, rather than be passive spectators of a pleasant show.Anne Bogart founded and became artistic director of the ensemble-based theatre company, the SIT (Saratoga International Theatre Institute), alongside Japanese director Dadaist Suzuki in 1992. Here, the two creative directors practiced and combined their actor training methods, specifically Suzuki training and Anne Boasts area of expertise and system of creating theatre: the Viewpoints training.She has also co-written a book which identifies and outlines the primary Viewpoints, which acts as a practical training guide about theatre-making based on the adaptation of the Viewpoints training system by herself and co-author Tina Landau. We will write a custom essay sample on ANNE BOGART ESSAY or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Characteristics of her work: Anne Bogart was highly interested in creating bold new productions using avian-garden, or the experimental/innovative theatre-making techniques, as she wanted to be able to push the boundaries of conventional theatre. Bogart ally literalism the idea of taking the audience on a journey when she would stage productions in strange locations (IEEE. Street corners). She had a fascination with using daily life environments for theatre rather than conventional stage locations in order to give the audience a sense of real life, and yet also a strange sense of displacement while being theatrically entertained somewhere other than the theatre. She most successfully known for her work in elaborating on choreographer Mary Overlies Viewpoints training.The Viewpoints are essentially an outline of stage-movement scapulars, which can be utilized to aid actors in connecting physically and emotionally with the theatrical space, as well as the other actors. Bogart believed that directing should be about the kinetic qualities involved in staging and even more specifically, the timing of kinetic response -? she intended theatre to be about specific moments IEEE. The moment a person arrives at the door or the moment wh en two people look at one another. Working Methods: In their book, Bogart and Landau identify the main Viewpoints as being related to Space and Time, as well as having included the Vocal Viewpoints which offer to Pitch, Volume and Timbre. Scott Cummings (2006, p. 6) noted that Bogart directs plays with the mind of a choreographer, scoring the motion of bodies in time and space with a keen eye towards rhythm, visual composition, and other formal principles. The Viewpoints of Space include: Shape, Gesture, Architecture, Spatial Relationship and Topography.The Viewpoints which relate to Time include: Tempo, Duration, Kinesthesia Response and Repetition. Each of these Viewpoints have specific exercises which can be used either individually or collaboratively to create a dynamic environment or actors to experiment with the ever-changing aspects of theatre. Exercises in Viewpoints training can assist actors to discover new ways to establish relationships with people on stage, as well as recognize their responsibility in c reating a group dynamic. She invites her actors to generate their own group devised blocking and movement through specific improvisation exercises.As an example, a simple exercise is used to help isolate kinesthesia awareness, involving working in an ensemble where each performer is given a lane or line of an invisible grid on the stage to work within. The actors are given a series Of simple action instructions (IEEE. Standing sitting, squatting, lying down etc), and are asked to carry out any of the actions whenever the urge is felt, or the other players influence your decision. New elements may be added such as pieces of set (chairs, etc) or vocals after the group has experimented with the more simple actions.The exercises force actors to act and react in the moment, as they do not allow for any prevailing. In this way, actors are required to almost exclusively use improvisation skills on stage, being given only a limited set of physical instructions in regards to the viewpoints. In other words, this method teaches actors to let things happen, see them happening, and then respond simultaneously until relationships are built and the mini-dramas are established and played out (Challenging, p. 296).This is the main component of the Viewpoint of Kinesthesia Response. In her directing, Bogart combines these choreographed movements, which are improvisational developed by the actors in rehearsal, with the more conventional psychological character development work in order to create harassers which are unique to each individual actor (Lamp, 1992 p. 21). One Production: In 1 996, the SIT Company first performed what could most accurately be described as a performance essay, which was both conceived and directed by Anne Bogart.The Medium is inspired by the lift of, as well as a dissertation on the work and ideas of Marshall Mclean, who was a Canadian philosopher of communication theory. The show, although presenting the real information from Macaulays studies, has many unconventional and innovative theatrical techniques strewn through it. The piece is a great example Of Boasts interest in the idea of presentational staging, where the stage space alters to become invitational rather than simply a storytelling environment.The rhythm of the show is in the style of channel surfing, as the character of Marshall himself shifts the scenes using an anachronistic remote control. The use of a loud, surrealist sandpaper throughout the piece is used symbolically, representing the media buzz which is constantly drowning us. It is these techniques which immediately suggest to the audience that this is not a conventional piece of heater, let alone the fact that it is written in the form of a theatrical essay.We see the use of ministering theatrical techniques such as ensemble, mime, puttering, Merchandise Bohemianism, slow motion, image-theatre, dance, montage, symbolism and thea trical subtleties which enrich the avian- garden nature of the piece. Bogart, however, does not claim to present completely original ideas in all of her works. In fact, she openly admits to borrowing ideas from numbers of sources and recreating them in her expressionist structure and style. Influence on my work: Mary Donahue (1997, p. 48) recognized Anne Boasts insecurities about working as a female director, in terms Of the challenges of being in a power position over actors. Although this is not such a problem in todays society, I personally am able to identify with the difficulties of rising to a position of authority, especially in a field am less experienced in. I can also identify with Boasts expressions of holding greater strengths in the area of collaborative theatrical work, as opposed to acting as a fully dictating director.I believe that his quality is often what makes strong female directors the idea of theatre as a collaborative, creative endeavourer between director and cast. Rood Challenging (p. 297) also noted Boasts expression that the idea of listening with the whole body is vital to the work of the actor. The idea is to find a balance between being in control of the action and lettering of all control in order to create spontaneity. This is an idea which I am still attempting to comprehend: however, it is something which I would like to work on in my own acting practices as well as with my actors in future projects.

Job

Various strategies such as job-embedded learning and the four corners approach promote the integration of knowledge and sharing of ideas within group settings. Job-embedded learning facilitates professional development by providing appropriate approaches that help ROTC instructors to differentiate learning instructions in a manner that ensures learners derive optimal benefits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Job-Embedded Learning and the Four Corners Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unlike traditional approaches which face various challenges such as inadequate time to attend workshops and difficulties regarding the implementation of various concepts, job-embedded learning allows participants to learn while undertaking their daily tasks (Gregory, 2003). This promotes easier integration of new concepts as participants reflect on experiences and share ideas within group settings. In addition, the approach f acilitates effective time utilization. Instructors can adopt various job-embedded learning strategies to achieve optimal results in their endeavors. Some of the main approaches that fit an ROTC instructor include the teacher inquiry and study approach, and coaching. The teacher inquiry and study approach focuses on minimizing the separation between theoretical and practical aspects of learning (Croft, 2010). This approach encourages instructors to reflect on their classroom practices and adopt strategies that promote the realization of students’ expectations. Inquiry enables teachers to tackle various dilemmas that tend to occur during learning exercises. The coaching approach seeks to establish an instructor-student relationship that helps to refine and expand skills and knowledge. To achieve the expected results, coaching should support teachers’ quest to improve their knowledge and teaching skills, and encourage them to participate in reflecting about the gains that students derive from learning experiences. Every form of coaching, whether cognitive, content-focused or peer coaching should include three main stages. These are the pre-visit conference that is organized by the inviting teacher, a classroom visit and a post-visit session. The four corners teaching strategy encourages students to play participatory roles in cases of group activities. This strategy enhances a variety of aspects whose interplay is essential in realizing a fruitful learning experience. These aspects include communication, critical thinking and decision-making approaches (Gregory, 2003). The four corners strategy allows instructors to tackle issues concerning clarity and students’ comprehension levels.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since this strategy promotes practicality and relevance, students become highly motivated and their retention levels improve. Class discussions employing this strategy organize students into classroom corners matching their stance on a particular issue. The teacher may require students to give personal opinions or discuss an issue as a corner group and provide a collective response. Alternatively, groups with opposing views may be required to support their stance. In this regard, the teacher can easily identify groups that possess substantial information regarding the topic of discussion. Therefore, the teacher can take corrective measure concerning certain groups (Gregory, 2003). In a professional setting, the four corners approach can help in promoting staff interaction while discussing organizational issues. Furthermore, this approach will promote a sense of importance among employees as everyone has a chance to share his or her view concerning a certain issue. This has the overall effect of enhancing the relationship between an organization’s staff and its leadership. For example, during organization al change, it is essential to ensure that everyone participates in the change process. The Four corners approach provides the opportunity for various parties with different stands to share the reasons behind their viewpoints. The aspect of free interaction between the staff and an organization’s leadership is crucial as it promotes employee loyalty and motivation. References Croft, A. (2010). Job-Embedded Professional Development: The National  Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. Retrieved from www.tqsource.org/publications/JEPD%20Issue%20Brief.pdf Gregory, G. (2003). Differentiated instructional strategies in practice: training,  implementation, and supervision. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. This essay on Job-Embedded Learning and the Four Corners Approach was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.