International Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

International Criminal Justice - Essay Example There are no guidelines that can serve societies that have endured a governing process that included crimes against humanity and gross abuses f human rights, but that is currently making a democratic transition based on constitutionalism and respect for the individual. Fashioning an appropriate approach is rendered more difficult to the extent that the former regime voluntarily gave up power as part f a bargain with the democratic opposition, and yet remains on the scene, even continuing to control the armed forces and internal police apparatus. The Southern Cone countries f Chile and Argentina pose this challenge in its sharpest possible form, but the same type f issue is posed for many other countries, including South Africa and several Central American countries. The complexity f this challenge has been widely revealed over the course f the last year or so by the controversy surrounding the arrest f the former Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet. At issue most fundamentally is whether international standards governing the accountability f leaders takes precedence over the implementation f a national bargain in Chile, giving Pinochet effective immunity, and even a position f Senator for Life. Extending law to govern crimes f state has more generally resurfaced in this period as a result f the end f the Cold War, and even more so, the human abuse arising from the break-up f the former Yugoslavia during the course f the 1990s. For one thing, a special criminal tribunal has been established at The Hague with authority over such allegations, as well as a parallel effort arising from the genocidal events that occurred in Rwanda in 1994. As well, through a transnational coalition f NGOs in collaboration with a series f governments, the Rome Treaty was signed in 1998 with the goal f establishing a permanent international criminal court. (Dammer 2006, 100-102) How can we explain this resurgence f intergovernmental interest in criminal accountability for political and military leaders acting under the authority f their respective sovereign states The impulse to impose such responsibility originated in a half-hearted way after World War I, with the Versailles Peace Treaty recommending a criminal prosecution f Kaiser Wilhelm and a duty for Germany to carry on against lesser figures in a special court established at Leipzig. These initiatives came to nothing, the Kaiser finding asylum in nearby Holland, and the Leipzig trials exhibiting Germany's lack f political will to punish its own nationals. International involvement between nations is not new. (Grotius 1853, 1-7) The twentieth century, however, has seen an incredible increase in the number and variety f international organizations, including the failed League f Nations f the 1920s, other post World War I agreements, and the United Nations and Bretton Woods agreements following World War II. The second half f the century has seen a virtual explosion f governmental and non-governmental organizations operating in the world arena. (Weigend 2002, 1232-1242) Despite the phenomenal growth f international cooperation and interdependence, the world is increasingly less humane. Conflicts generating Nazi-like atrocities have increased since the end ÃŽ ¿f that regime, (Brown 1999, 10-11) as exemplified by ethnic conflicts in Rwanda, Bosnia, Indonesia, Sierra Leone, and Kosovo.  

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Essay

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Economy, Stock Utility Analysis from 1990 until 2007 - Essay Example Until the late 1980s, the German production system, which had maintained the legacy f the craft system, was praised for its high-quality products and incremental innovation based on decentralized production by high-quality labour. The German model, termed "diversified quality production" (DQP) or "incremental innovation system," was characterized by highly skilled workers and professional specialization instead f Tayloristic de-skilling f labour. The flexible German system, based on some elements f the craft system, could perform "fast retooling" and "incremental innovation" better than the American mass producers until the 1980s. In particular, the German production system was praised for strong small- and medium-sized companies (Mittelstnder). The strength f these companies was based on the agility f small batches and highly skilled labour. The decentralized and flexible system based on highly skilled workers could be realized by particular German institutional constraints. German corporatist institutions, characterized by a dual system f workers' participation at plant-level decision-making and collective bargaining at the industrial sectoral level, realized the development f advanced vocational training and productivity cooperation. Unlike the free market f the United States, in which companies are less likely to contribute to the development f industry-wide training systems due to the risk f losing skilled workers to competing firms and the possibility f collective action problems in developing public training programs, the German corporatist institutions f trade unions and employer associations implemented highly developed vocational training by limiting the free-riding in the process f training. These centralized corporatist associations f trade unions and employers' associations nationally standardized and rigoro usly enforced vocational training curricula. The centralized trade unions and employer associations could influence individual employers' training decisions. Works councils at the plant level policed the employers' observance f collective agreements for vocational training. In addition, the industry-wide wages system established by collective bargaining reduced the employees' incentives to be receptive to poaching. On the other hand, the German corporatist model that realized the "diversified quality production" worked well only under the condition f social cooperation between labour and management.