Intertwined Bodies with Separate Hearts Essay Example for Free

Intertwined Bodies with Separate Hearts EssayIn a world of wild modernity and sophistication, it is almost impossible for man non to connect with a single soul. Be it a friend, a loved one or a lover, these technologies conspire to feed the hunger in all of us and that is the lead to be with someone. Others refer to that need as loneliness only when the story Strangers When We Meet says its emptinessThe race of Florence and Rob can be looked at as a typical affair between a married woman whos bored with her current relationship and a man who light uponks adventure. He dazzles her with his callowness and passion for life and for a brief moment shes caught up in a trance of sharing the life that she could own, but chose not to wait. That natural selection rest solely on the truth that her husband was a foundation that offered security. As she said at the end of the story, she equated security and strength to love. She realized in the later part that she was wrong. The det ail that Rob is younger than Florence depicts a conventional extramarital affair in our society.However the story goes beyond the cheap pleasures of inclination and adventure as it delves deep into the intricacies of emotion and relationship. A relationship can be defined. One can dare as the question what kind of relationship? In the story, Florence and Archie is in a relationship that is recognized by society and back up by the law. A union, a vow, a social induce thats written on paper and flaunted out to the world. That is marriage. They share a partnership that may seem flawless in society as he was a responsible husband with secure income bounded by law to take care of his wife.Florence herself is a thing of beauty and it is a stereotype in our society that she is to be taken care of by a man who has the means to do so. He is in fact capable of doing just that. He was well aware that he had the woman that most men would fell for, and thats why though he knew that they had a n affair he wanted to see it for himself before he makes judgments. He went with her in the Vacation though he knew that she was to meet her lover. And when he came face to face with the man who stole his wife, he remained smooth and even started conversations with him.He exhibited what most men dont, the decency to be civil to the man who covet their wife (Kureishi). What exist between Florence and Rob on the otherwise hand is a relationship thats not accepted by society and condemned by law. It ought to be discreetly dealt with to save both parties from public humiliation. The fact that she is a married woman who happens to have a lover may seem offensive to the male supremacy. However, what ought to be looked at is not the act itself but the question on what made her commit such act.Perhaps at the beginning of their affair she simply wants to escape the world that Archie lived in or the escape of attention from her husband who is very much consumed in his work. But at the late r part of the story it shows that she is deeply in love with Rob since she is will to leave everything, even her child if only he says the word. Why did he not say the word? Why did he not take the take a see to be with the woman who takes up much space in his heart to the point that he needed a psychologist to deal with his depression?It was a separatrix at happiness, to have the very thing that he wanted so badly but when it was his for the taking he did not take it. Here lies the complexity of human emotions. Their affair goes beyond the Holiday Vacation. Though the timeline of the story skipped a couple of years before their paths crossed again, it cannot be denied that in each encounter, the destruction flame of their affair is fanned once more. A line in the story clearly points out their connection Helen (Robs wife) looks across conspicuously.Florence and I are stand up close to one another perhaps one of us touching the other. Though they were both contented with thei r lives and stopped seeing each other, both their spouses knew that there is something special between Florence and Rob. perhaps a love story that should have not ended. That Holiday Vacation was of great importance to Florence, Archie and Rob. It was perhaps the terminate of their lives. The moment that set the path upon which they will take. They were separate entities brought about in that place to clearly define the relationship that existed in the three of them.It was a chance to change their lives and redefine their connection, but such requires great courage that only Rob had at that time. Florence was, at that moment, scared to let go of the security that she had with Archie. In their marriage she had stability and he had a wife. It was ideal and accepted by society. Before the affair she was contented, but contentment if a far cry from happiness. At the end of the vacation she asked him not to leave, but he chose to do so. This is because man cannot stand the torture of h aving the woman that you want wrapped in somebody elses embrace.Rob said that he longed for that vacation since it was the first time that he can have her the entire evening without having her rush home to her husband at dawn. It was a chance to feel that he owned her but that moment never came. It was a chance that she was too scared to take, and now that she wanted him desperately, it was him who chose not to be with her. She wanted him to say that he wants her but he never did just that. Though deep within his soul he knew that she still holds a place in her heart, it was his choice not to give in to that feeling.This proves the fact that in human relationships certain factors are to be taken into considerations before a person makes his decision (Layton-Tholl). Life is made up of choices, and maybe for Rob he already made the choice the moment he left the Hotel. It was to live a life thats uncomplicated. Though the intensity of their connection cannot be denied, it was by choice that they lived separately. They have fulfilled the human need to connect with someone, they have their spouse. But just like how their affair started, they were just intertwined bodies with separate heart.

Are Asains Becoming White Essay Example for Free

Are Asains Becoming White Essay1) Asiatic Americans bugger off been stereotyped nether the image of being a deterrent example minority from the mid-1960s to our present day (Macionis 2010278). Being a model minority means overcoming extreme labouredships and discrimination to hit success (Macionis 2010278). Success economic totallyy, socially, and educationallywithout resorting to confrontation with Whites (Schaefer 2009 252). Asian Americans have done this and the public has attributed their winning wealth and respect in American society to hard work, family solidarity, discipline, delayed gratification, non-confrontation, and eschewing welfargon (Macionis 2010278). Being labeled a model minority might appear to bring only prestige but in concomitant it brings consequences as well. One such consequence is that being a model-minority holds Asian Americans to higher standards (Macionis 2010279). Situations that may be veritable for some bent accepted from them. They a re judged by standards different from average Americans (Macionis 2010279). Also because of the expectations placed upon them they are channeled to specific avenues of success, such as science and engineering (Macionis 2010279). This leads up to another consequence of parents a great deal discouraging their children from entering fields they regard as unlikely to offer financial security, such as the arts (Schaefer 2009252). A child may have a gift as an astounding writer, yet the parents will still discourage it due to worries about job outlook and income in the future (Macionis 2010279). other consequence the label causes is that it reinforces the myth that the United States is devoid of racism and accords equal opportunity to all (Macionis 2010279). This implies that those minorities that do not succeed are somehow accountable for their failurethis attitude is yet another instance of blaming the victims (Schaefer 2009252). Although, not all bad, an advantage of the stereoty pe is that Asian Americans are to a greater extent likely to attain a high-paying job. It is common to see Asian Americans are concentrated near the top in professional and managerial positions(Schaefer 2009251). Simply due to what they are known for Asian Americans are allowed more opportunity and they prove themselves over and over again with the highest median household income of all racial groups, and the lowest poverty rate of all racial groups (Macionis 2010278). 2) Min Zhou asks the question, Are Asian Americans befitting white? First off, what does it mean to be White? White is an arbitrary label having more to do with privilege than biology (Macionis 2010276). Being white means different things to different people.To some becoming white can mean distancing oneself from people of air or disowning ones ethnicity (Macionis 2010276). To others becoming white is something to strive for because it means attaining a privileged status (Macionis 2010280). The intimately commo n view accepted by Asian Americans is that white is mainstream, average, and normal, and they look to whites as a frame of reference for attaining higher social positions (Macionis 2010279). Asian Americans are becoming white as I see it.They are gaining prestige, they working hard and they strive for something greater. Especially since being white is commonly associated with being an American (Macionis 2010280). Asian immigrants tend to moot in the American Dream and measure their achievements materially (Macionis 2010279). They share common interests with most Americans such as, to own a home, to be my own boss, and to send my children to the ivy League (Macionis 2010279), as one Chinese immigrant stated.Of course, being an American is more than just these items, but it is a generalized American mentality that shows common ground. If Asian Americans choose to marry a partner of a different racial background, 87 percent of those marry whites (Macionis 2010280). There are thought s that some Asian Americans hold, such as, You can certainly be as good as or even better than whites, but you will never become accepted as white (Macionis 2010280). I believe this to be incorrect.According to a new Purdue University study, more than 94 percent would say that having United States citizenship makes someone truly American. http//phys. org/news64938913. hypertext mark-up language 3) If we were to relate being white to being American, most Asian Americans are already thither. With the mentality, dedication and perseverance that Asian Americans display, I would say, Yes, Asian Americans are becoming white. 3) The Jews and Asian Americans had two different experiences that could be seen to relate in certain aspects despite the large difference in events.The Jews were intelligent and successful though looked pot upon in the United States and they were seen as members of an inferior race (Macionis 2010 266). It wasnt until after World War II those things drastically c hanged. Before the war, most Jews, like most other Americans, were working class. Already upwardly mobile before the war relative to other immigrants, Jews floated high on this rising economic tide, and most of them entered the shopping center class (Macionis 2010272). Like Asian Americans, Jews were always ahead of the other races.They were given difficult roads to face and large obstacles to climb, yet they achieved success, following the definition of the model minority. Similarly they struggled with the dilemma of being considered white. Before the war, Columbia University took steps to decrease the number of entering Jews by a set of practices(Macionis 2010269). It wasnt until the war that there were changes set in motion during the war against fascism that led to a more inclusive version of whiteness (Macionis 2010270). Though the struggle was different, it was still there for both groups.The Jews compared to Asian Americans benefited most from government programs that spu rred upward mobility because after the war the government was in need of a rise in the economy and they created great programs to tending in that matter (Macionis 2010270). The Jews and other white ethnics upward mobility was the result of programs that allowed us to float on a rising economic tide (Macionis 2010273). Asian Americans on the other hand, upward mobility wasnt based off of programs as much, as their heritage and culture.Instead, In spite of these obstacles, Asian Americans students soldier on with strong punt from their parents (Schaefer 2009252). As for comparison with African Americans and Asian Americans they are in two completely different categories. Both are minority groups, though they are on opposite sides of the court. Asian Americans have higher income rates than Whites, African Americans on the other hand, have their household income of Blacks is still 60 percent that of Whites, and the unemployment rate among Blacks is more than twice that of Whites (Sc haefer 2009250). Still to this day Blacks remain significantly underrepresented, despite Senator Barack Obama(Schaefer 2009520). Asian Americans are well represented due to being the model minority. Asian Americans are a very diverse group of people. Their diverse origins include drastic differences in languages and dialects, religions, cuisines, and customs (Macionis 2010278). Because of this all of these differences create obstacles to fostering a cohesive pan-Asian solidarity (Macionis 2010278).

Stakeholders In Singapore Education Education Essay

Stakeholders In Singapore Education Education EssayEducation is an area of great importance in Singapore. Thus, about parents have very high expectations of educators. In this essay, I will talk about what are some of these expectations and how I give the gate mail them as a pull up to enhance students learning. The traditional expectation of an educator is that he must be responsible for the academic welfare and/or excellence of the child. Do parents similarly expect teachers to play a part in developing the whole person, in areas such as character development? Discipline, must then be part of character development. How much do parents agree to the whole person development? To what extent do parents want teachers and initiates to discipline their children? What methods are acceptable and which are non? Recent events shed some light to the amount of expectation there is of schools and teachers and raises some interesting questions too. The Nan Chiau fiasco for example shows the expectation of the reality of school discipline and in particular corporal punishment. It is difficult to bridgework the gap between those who agree to what the principal did and those who did not. They did however agree to the basic dogma of discipline but not the style. This highlights to us the changes in societal views on methods of discipline. Do these changes in expectation restrict us in achieving our goal in developing the whole child? How do we work with these changed expectations Increasingly, parents are expecting to play a more(prenominal) active role in schools in the form of Parents affirm Groups (PSG). In these committees, they may take on contrasting projects and be in charge of their organisation. These projects fuck be in the form of enrichment programmes for students which may help in the disciplining if appropriate programmes are organised. The issues related to increased parental involvement are legion. What are parents motivations? Will parents expec t something in return for their services? What kind of incentives dejection school offer to encourage parents to participate? Will it lead to inequity? Parents might feel that if they do not contribute as much, their children will be disadvantaged. Will they then see the PSG as an added workload to themselves? Will it disadvantage those students who get into from a poor family background Methods to harness them as a force There are some possible solutions in the bid to harness parental support as a force. Schools can package the services that parents can offer. Since parents have different strengths and resources, they can contribute to schools in various ways, such as financial aid, time or talent. When seen in this way, parental support can be of great value to schools. In order to encourage greater participation in the PSG among parents, schools will need to market them. Schools need to be studious not to promote elitism by valuing certain skills above others. They need to ens ure that parents do not feel that their contribution is insignificant. How can these be done? i proposal is that schools first identify the schools and parents needs and then communicate and match these needs. On a volunteer basis, parents who feel they can help may come forward to contribute. Schools can also explore the possibility of forming parent-parent groups instead of parent-teacher groups. This is to give greater autonomy to parents and to allow for self-regulation and organisation. It also saves teachers from extra responsibilities. As for questions pertaining to the organisation of the PSG, it has been suggested that wad superintendents run them, so that they can come up with a model for the cluster of schools, instead of individual schools coming up with their own models. However, the drawback is that cluster superintendents are not at ground level, they do not really understand the actual situation of each of the individual schools. Different schools might have differ ent needs, strengths and weaknesses with regards to parental support, willingness to be snarly and resources that they can contribute. Cluster superintendents may then not be a good person to deal with the PSG. Principals have also been identified as a possible person to do the organisation. However, constant changes of principals make it difficult to establish a strong PSG. Also, there is the perennial line of principals being overloaded with work. Beyond all these issues, we can see that it is important to harness parents expectation as a force to enhance student learning. In involving parents in school in various enrichment and discipline committees, parents will have some degree of control to meet their own expectationsTeachers are a bridge between students and parents.We must find a way in which we can harness the negative energy of these parents and use it for beneficent purposes. The challenge for us teachers is to harness them in the correct manner. There are two possibili ties to help remedy this. As the world changes, so do the families that make up the smaller blocks of society. Consequently, the second remedy is to heighten the awareness of these parents that the responsibility of their childs development does not fall solely on the shoulders of the teachers and the education system. We thus agreed that as teachers and educators, we must be acutely aware of these societal changes and react to them accordingly and hence the teacher group decided that teachers should be the bridge between students and parents. This is a relatively recent trend in humanitys history. It is a reflection of the systems desire to acknowledge and incorporate parents as stakeholders in the education system, and allow these parents some say in how the school is being run. However, it must be cautioned that parental-teacher-school relationships should form a symbiosis for the benefit of students. Hopefully this will motivate them to create a more conducive milieu for thei r children to develop and excel in. Most often this is due to the fact that parents now are better qualified and thus expect a lot more from teachers the education system and their children themselves. This highlights the issues of single parent families. All these factors play an important part in any childs educational process. The consequence of this is that the children of these dual income families spend little time with parents. In addition, the teacher group took into consideration the ubiquity of Singaporean households, where both parents work at their respective careers to provide for a decent sample of living in an increasingly costly city-state.Research has shown that parental involvement makes a differences in the upcoming of the child.On the other hand, students whose parents are not involved are more likely to drop out of school.In conclusion, research has shown that the most accurate predictor of a students achievement in school is not income or social status, but the extent to which the students parents are able tocreate a home environment that encourages learning communicate high, yet reasonable, expectations of their childs achievement and future career and become involved in their childs education at school and in the community.

Skills And Competencies To Be A Change Leader Management Essay

Skills And Competencies To Be A Change Leader Management EssayFor the past 2 decades, the amount of signifi piece of tailt switch over over that the presidencys faced in order to survive has tremendously increased, and many of the lookers argued that this situation will continue and demand more of future leaders (Wren Dulewicz, 2005 Senge et al., 2002). Leadership is such a crucial component for undergoing these changes, and identifying the key components of leadership is important for the success of these transformation efforts (Beer Nohria, 2000). Kotter (1996) considered that, leadership is the key to creating and sustaining the successful governing body, because it helps the organization to shape its future and sustain its growth. To succeed consistently, good leaders need to be skilled not just in evaluating people but besides in evaluating the abilities and disabilities of their firm as a whole.In addition, leadership competencies are also essential to lead the ch ange processes in an effective way (Christensen Overdorf, 2000). gibe to Sanchez et al., (1996), leadership competencies have a cognitive aspect, with regard to knowledge and skills the leader possesses, and an action aspect that enables a leader to deploy their competencies in a unified manner. Leaders competencies and skills will influence the actions, structures and processes that erect the change and it further strengthen the effectiveness in implementing change (Gilley et al., 2009). This essay will critically analyse whether anyone can adapt these leadership skills and competencies which is necessary to be a successful change leader. The analysis will be through with(p) based on the references of academic research that has been already conducted in this field.Necessary Skills and Competencies to be a change leaderLeadership is varied from management leadership complements management but it does not switch over it. Because management is about coping with complexity but t he leadership is about coping with change (Kotter, 1990).The leadership-skill requirements will vary based on the leaders positions and their levels. The or so important skills where the leaders need to be possessed are cognitive skills, business skills, strategic skills and interpersonal skills. Across all the leadership levels cognitive skills are founded to be more important. In addition, interpersonal skills are required for a leader in great degree than business or strategic skills (Sparks Gentry, 2008). For example) during the congregation work on simulation game, the leaders of the successful aggroups had contributed a great part by rationality the views of the group members and through the organization of team meeting. This helped the team to bring out fruitful ideas and plans uniquely and also it helped the group leaders to emphasize their cognitive and interpersonal skills effectively. Compared to other skills, the significance of business and strategic skills is mo re required for the leaders in managerial level (Sparks Gentry, 2008).Possessing these leadership skills in change management has been linked to bringing about effective and successful organization change. Although, some of the factors are considered as the barriers for the success of the change, they are lack of understanding of change implementation techniques and the inability to alter ones leadership style or organization functions (Bossidy Charan, 2002 Gilley, 2005). The other barriers identified by the analysis include the inability of the leaders to motivate others to change, poor communication skills, and failure to reward or recognize the individuals who drive the effort to change (Kotter, 1996). Hence the ability to understand and manage the change processes is valued as a necessary capability of change leaders. Many of the scholars delimitate this ability as a social intelligence skill, which is the ability to understand ones own and others feelings, behaviours and th oughts in interpersonal situations and to respond appropriately, which includes emotional ability (Burke, 2002).Finally, leaders thoughts and skills are manifested through the actions of implementing change across the organization. In this stage, the leaders need to be aware about avoiding coordination issues when the different functional groups in an organization work on a common task. Because lack of coordination will raise conflicts in implementing change and it reduce its success (Kuhl et al., 2005). For example, while working for the multi-product task, the lack of coordination across the leaders from different departments affected the implementation of change. There were lot of conflicts aroused in allocating the budget across each department of the organization and thusly it led to the ineffective change implementation.As per Zaccaro (2002), effective leadership requires social reasoning skills to understand, judge and diagnose social situations accurately, and relational com petencies to respond to the change and manage them successfully. Since change implementation involves the understanding of multiple level of people (i.e., individual, group and organizational), social-emotional competency is regarded to have a direct impact on the capacity to lead change. It acts as a greater predictor of leading change than managing complexity. Social-emotional competency includes observing the employees views, providing constructive feedback, encouraging the cooperation among team members, maintaining effective interpersonal relationships with others and treating others with respect regardless of their position or place (Mathew, 2009). For example) while working for the simulation game, in some of the groups, there was a long debate happened among the team members about the implementation of change strategies with different views and hence conflicts aroused. The leaders of those teams were also failed to maintain cooperation inside the team. This led them to choo se inappropriate change strategies and directed towards failure to reach their target. But while enquiring the teams who reached the target, I came to knew that the team leader had delegated the roles to each team members based on their knowledge about the game and by providing constructive feedback on their views. This helped them to maintain a good cooperation within the team without giving the ways for any conflicts and also it provided a way to reach their target within the time limit and budget.Within a change specific context Higgs and Rowland (2000, 2001) indicated a cluster of change leadership competencies associated with coaching job and developing others. In addition Giglio et al. (1998) also emphasized the importance of leaders coaching role in the change process. Because a good leader should motivate their employees in order to make them aware of the change process. This will be done by providing appropriate coaching to them. According to Hudson (1999), coaching skills enable leaders to approach situations from new perspectives and to question the status quo. Moreover, the leaders who coach their employees can enhance their renewal capacity and resilience, which has significant influence on organizational success. Finally and more importantly it allows others to make and learn from mistakes.Huq (2006) argued that the leadership competencies can help to require the six sigma cadre in an organization. He argued that the personal and corporate competencies play a vital role in creating this six sigma cadre. Personal competencies include the proficient knowledge and charisma of the leader. Whilst the corporate competencies include the combinations of skills and knowledge or experience that enable a leader to implement the change program successfully. But the accessible evidence shows that, even the experienced leaders were deviated from these competencies in some circumstances. The most recent examples of sudden corporate implosions (Enron, Lehman Brothers) have apparently raised concerns about the constitution and influence of bad leadership. Higgs (2009) have identified that the causes of this leadership failure were due to combination of personal flaws and performance shortfalls. While exploring this concept, he also identified a range of causal factors for these implosions which are skill deficiencies, being insensitive to others, betraying trust, arrogance and being overly ambitious. He argued that the personal flaws were more vital than skill deficiencies as drivers of derailment.

CSR For Nestle And MTN

CSR For nose And MTNNestle (a high-income partnership) and MTN (a low-income confederation) have opposite approaches regarding CSR. This report leave describe and evaluate those approaches.IntroductionThis is a brief description of from each mavin participation highlighting near facts concerning their organic evolution. divide oneIdentifies the different types of stakeholders that the company should apportion while mapping its local/global activities.Using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, allocates those stakeholders for both companies, taking into account two things who has the most/least power in dash the companys decisions and whether or non this stakeholder is rice beered in CSR initiatives.Two differences have been identifiedNestle firstly, host governments in developing countries are flagitious Stakeholders and do non battle array much interest in CSR secondly, social organizations, NGOs and the media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in spare of CSR.MTN firstl y, host governments in developing countries are Dominant and supply interest in CSR secondly, social organizations such as NGOs and the media are Demanding and in favour of CSR.The reasons behind this includeHost government in developing countries baby government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an stimulate opportunity to seize unlike MTN. notwithstanding, MTN which originated in a developing country, has a great deal of be with such governments. affectionate Organization MTN does not have a negative develop impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not accept globally while Nestle is since MTN op date of referencetes simply in developing countries while Nestle shapes globally.Section twoIn this section the report break ups the followe whether CSR initiatives adopted by both companies increased/decreased over time, and also who was behind the changes and why they occurred.It was comprise that both companies have increased their CSR initiatives e fi nically in the globalization era for Nestle, and particularly since the 1970s as many social organizations emerged and FDI occurred in that period.Section threeThe report shows how authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways nigh classify them according to the local economic situation otherwises in a developing countrys context others classify the social and environmental issues dep shutting on regions.A Ponte et al typology using four approaches (engaged/disengaged, immediate/distant) is applied to the above classifications.An analysis was made with the following resultsThere are many perspectives which support CSR initiatives and argue that those initiatives are slap-up for backing, especially the engaged approaches, and they support their argument with evidence. They are also good for guild whether the approaches are engaged or disengaged.At the other end of the spectrum, on that point are many who do not agree with the benefits brought by CSR initiati ves and believe it is bad for business and useless for society.II. IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to analyse, compare and separate the socially trustworthy approach of two multinational companies (Nestle and MTN). This testament be approached in the following order firstly, a brief description for each company will be provided secondly, the report will allocate the stakeholders using the stakeholder saliency model for each company showing the similarities and differences. This will be followed by a brief description regarding the changes of CSR approach for both companies and the reasons for these changes. The third section includes a critical analysis of both approaches using Ponte et al typology and two contrasting viewpoints. Finally, a conclusion sums up the findings showing the future of CSR for both companies.III. Brief History with some facts regarding CSR,Nestle1,It was in the 1860s when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a food formula for those infants who e xperienced problems in breastfeeding. This welcome innovation from Nestle is now sold all over the world (Nestle History, 2009).Some facts ab unwrap the company include1905-to date Healthy exploitation in general with some periods of struggle with a lot of mergers and acquisitions, one of the most important being with Movenpick frost Cream.1970s-1980s Heavy attacks from social organizations and individuals for the unethical marketing activities encouraging mothers in the developing world to use its products instead of breastfeeding. (Douglas,1986)1998 Nestl Corporate Business Principles was produced and updated to include the principles of the UN Secretary Generals international Compact Labour Standard, Human rights, the Environment (Nestle report, 2001)Creating the Shared Value scheme for a healthier world in the 21st century. (CSV mission, 2009)MTN separate2,Founded in 1994, MTN Group is a telecommunication company it services in 21 countries across Africa and the Middle East . (MTN Report 1 and 2, 2009).2007 MTN was the best tax payer for the year ending 2005/2006 in many African countries.(MTN History, 2007)2007 Established the Corporate Social Responsibility Foundation. .(MTN History, 2007)2009 According to management consulting firm Oliver Waymans annual State of the Industry report, MTN achieved the fourth surface among the top 60 global performers in terms of its shareholder performance index (SPI) at the end of 2008 with total revenue of 102,526 one thousand thousand rand3, (MTN Report 1and 2, 2009 ).IV. Section oneCorporate social responsibility CSR is the commitment by the company to behave ethically with its stakeholders and to fulfil all obligations of minimizing any harm and maximizing the benefits for society, earthly concern and the environment and that includes commitments by companies to contribute to social development and enhance the standard of peoples lives4.Stake holder Identification According to many authors Mercier (1999), Freem an (1984), Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholders are normally all those groups or individuals that may affect or be affected by the organizations daily working process, and also include all those who could have shares or interests in the same organization (Cited in Perqueux, 2004.P6).From the definition given above it could be interpreted that organizations should classify their stakeholders interests and power in a way that brings gratification because they will be assessed and evaluated by them in the future, and that what Rossouw and Sison (2006, p41) argued for when they described the corporations as a nation state is that they must be honest with its citizens otherwise they will be overthrown.From the two definitions mentioned above and by using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, this report will now show two things at the same time. The first is to show who stakeholder has the most or least effect in mapping the business activities, and second to what extent this allocated s takeholder is CSR driver for both companies showing the similarities and differences. An explanation for these will be provided.NestlePowerDiscretionary Stakeholder other inter-national institutions e.g. IMF, World BankDominant Stakeholder.Dangerous StakeholderGovernments in developing countries, social organizations, NGOs, media.Demanding Stakeholder peopleDefinitive StakeholderMain Shareholderspassive StakeholderShareholders (Minority interest)Depending StakeholderLegitimacyUrgencyMTNPowerDiscretionary Stakeholder other Inter-national Institutions such as IMF, World BankDominant StakeholderGovernment in developing countriesDormant StakeholderShareholders (Minority interest)Demanding StakeholderSocial organizations, NGOs, media.Dangerous StakeholderDefinitive StakeholderMain ShareholdersDepending StakeholderLegitimacyUrgency.The main similaritiesMain Shareholders (Definitive Stakeholders with fake CSR ) As they supply the organization with the funds exacted to build up capital, th us they have the right to vote, control and change the corporate structure if required, Mantyssari (2005), and that would have a substantial influence in mapping the companys business activities and other activities related to CSR.The following example shows how Nestles first priority is its shareholders and how Nestle manipulates the CSR approach. This happened when it announced the intention to transform Nestle into the worlds leading wellness organization to promote well-grounded eating by people through providing functional food instead of its ordinary range, spending SFr 2 billion on research and development in 2008. However, many experts point out that there is no substantial evidence that eating functional food makes people healthier. Lausanne and Vevey (The Economist, 2009. p39-95) indicate also to the reasons behind that by showing that in America the growth of functional foods between 2002-2007 was 15.8% a year while ordinary foods was only 2.9% suggesting profit was the main driver cipher else.The same is applicable in MTN regarding definitive shareholders, especially when looking closely at their annual report (2008 p172), showing the percentage of share capital, equal to 25%, was owned only by 8 shareholders, so this group of 8 has the majority portion of power to direct the company activities in the way they prefer, which is reservation profits.Minority interest Shareholders (Dormant Stakeholders with no effects on CSR) they do not have the enough power to steer the company in the responsible counseling nether on its policyIMF, World Bank, WTO (Discretionary Stakeholders with a neutral position regarding CSR) through their regulation and requirements and conditionality they open new routes for investing. However, that does not oblige the MNCs to invest nor to accede in social responsibility initiatives.The main differencesHost governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show too much interest in CSR for Nestle, while they are Dominant and show interest in CSR for MTN)Jones (2005, p9) pointed out that host governments use a lot of subsidies to attract foreign organizations, such as low custom tariffs or free capital movement in order to overcome difficulties (poverty, diseases, death)Applying this to the selected companiesNestle this type of stakeholder should be allocated on a lower floor Dangerous for many reasons. Nestle lacks experience in dealing with developing governments policies. Another reason is that kleptocratic government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize. For example the BBC announced in December 2002 that Nestle was trying to persuade the Ethiopian government to pay USD 6 million instead of 1.5 million as compensation for nationalizing one of its subsidiaries in Ethiopia. This example shows how the Ethiopian government took possession of Nestls subsidiary without any previous notice or consultation.MTN earlier from SA, and all o f its investments are located in Africa and the ME (developing countries). It has a great deal of experience with such governments so do not need to throw it under Dangerous stakeholders unlike Nestle. But even though MTN has put governments under the Dominant category MTN has to comply with the King codes in South Africa5which include precise strict rules regarding CSR initiatives in order be listed in JSE securities exchange and to be accepted by the government and society. (Institute of Directors in South Africa, 2009)Social organizations, NGOs, Media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR for Nestle, while Demanding and in favour of CSR for MTNNestle Because of the nature of the business of Nestle (covering world-wide and working in the field of nutrition), it may be found that a lot of social organizations along with the media always attack it aggressively, especially if they discover the unethical approach of its social responsibility, pushing it to make more than and more effort in the field of CSR. For example the General Synod of the Church of England called for a ban on Nestle and asked Church commissioners to disinvest their GBP 1.1 million in it. Moreover in 1974 the British charity War on Want released a leaflet The Baby Killer criticising Nestle for the bad effects of its marketing strategies in Africa. (Kotler et al. 2009)MTN However, there are many examples showing MTN has a good reputation among those organizations who praise its efforts to serve the people and bring prosperity to society. For example, South Africa media (South Africa info, 2008) praised MTN when it declared its intention, along with other operators, to establish a fibre network across the Sub Saharan centres in an effort to meet the soaring needs of their subscribers and connect the African continent with the rest of the world. The reason for this approval is because MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recogn ized globally as Nestle is since it operates only in developing countries.V. Section twoThis report will now answer the following question which way is the CSR changing and what are the main causes for this?In 1869 Henri Nestle said During the first few months, the mothers milk will always be the most natural nutriment, put promoted Nestle products as a substitute. However, in 2007 Nestle stated that Nothing is a substitute for or equivalent or superior to breast milk Kotler et al. (2009). These two statements raise two questions the first one is Did Nestle admit the guiltiness about its previous promotion? secondly, If yes, then who was behind it?Actually to answer these questions, we have to consider that through Nestle growth, a lot of pressure and outside forces have pushed the company to change its attitude towards satisfying its stakeholders and make responsible efforts rather than only profit. Blowfield and Murray (2008, p41-66) claim that the proportionship between busines s and society changed through three eras the industrial revolution, the mid-twentieth-century welfare state and globalization. Furthermore, through these eras there was a shift in corporate social responsibility, from a theoretical concerned with normative behaviour of the organization, to CSR as management practice, especially in the 1970s. Ackerman and Bauers (1976 cited in Blowfield et al, 2008) argue also that what a company can do to respond to social expectation rather than theoretical ideas of what it should do is what matters. This is reflected in public self-assertion over the years (see Appendix 1) which suggests public confidence began to increase in the late 1970s with a slight decrease in 1991. (Source Frederick 2006)In relation to the two companies in this study, it may be that Nestle actually took into consideration social responsibility after the harsh boycott in the 1970s when it learnt a lot from that lesson and started to increase its commitment to society and al located social organizations and media as dangerous stakeholders. MTN is a relatively new company established only in the 1990s, which could be viewed as the globalization era so has a high standard of CSR knowledge (King I, II, III code). Thus, it could be concluded that there was an increase in CSR initiatives owing to greater awareness among stakeholders, especially over the last three decades, and that increase was related directly to globalization and its characteristics such as free trade, rises in FDI in developing countries, soaring demands of the media and the NGOs.VI. Section ThreeThis section will be divided into three partsAnalysis of the different stakeholders perspective approaches,Depending on the conclusion of the first part, the report will use Ponte et al typology to allocate the approach of both companies.A further analysis of these approaches will be conducted using two contrasting viewpoints.Many authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways. Some classify them according to the local economic situation such as carom (1994) by giving tailfin types of societies which need different reactions from the business to help the economy out of the crisis the high-stress environment (suffering from long time economic downturn), structurally disfavor areas (business in remote areas), the crisis zone, the transitional zone (change of the importance of industry in same area), and the powerhouse industry that used to drive the main local growth and now facing high competition from others.Other authors such as Hamann et al (2005) explore the stakeholders perspective in a developing countrys context when they pointed out some realities to be considered in achieving a successful CSR in South Africa first, a long history of poverty and inequality second, the need for effective CSR to take down the bad image of exploitation and racism created by companies over a long period in those countries third, the suppression of black economic empo werment which broadly comes from corruption fourth, the need to enhance social aspects such as human rights and democracy.Others classify the social and environmental issues depending on the regions, showing the different CSR requirements among countries and they emphasise thateach region needs its own CSR initiatives. For example, the USA needs to address renewed calls for nuclear power and to deal with air pollution, while some African countries need more concentration in improving the infrastructure and solving the conflicts between tribes and governments (PWC, 2006 Ethical Corporation, 2006 cited in Blowfield Murray,2008) (see appendix 2 for more details).Using the above mentioned methods, now Ponte et al typology can be used to allocate initiative approaches used by Nestle and MTNCompany Engaged CSR activities the factory and farmer scheme in China which has direct impact on company operations since it eliminates the suppliers and at the same time gives the farmers technical support. (Nestle China, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives Nestle Nigeria along with the Red Cross started an initiative, an educational programme in 2003 to increase the awareness of HIV among people in Nigeria (Nestle Nigeria, 2009) Distant CSR activities the factory and farmer example in China, because the farmers are not one of Nestls workforces they are a separate entity and might be paid low prices for their milk supply. (Nestle China, 2009) Proximate CSR activities Nestle creates job opportunities. It has now more than 265,000 employees general from 100 different countries. (Nestle, 2009) Engaged and Proximate the EcoShape bottle produced by Nestle North America in 2007. This example could be regarded as an engaged act since it bowdlerises the bad effects on the environment (will reduce the CO2 emission by 356,000 tons within three years) and at the same time it is proximate because it is closely related to the company operations (since it impacts on the environment in th e same location as its operations). (Nestle America, 2009)-Engaged CSR activities the Environmental Management System is one of MTNs policies to reduce the production waste by recycling and encouraging the employees to act socially responsible. (MTN Environmental Policy, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives Arts and Aids awareness educational program for communities, conducted by the MTN alkali and regarded as a totally disengaged scheme carried out by MTN. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Distant CSR activities No distant CSR initiatives found.-Proximate CSR activities the Arts and Aids awareness educational program could be regarded as a proximate CSR scheme since MTN originally operated in Africa and the Middle East. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Engaged and Proximate the 21 days of Yello care started in 2007. This scheme of 21 days gives the opportunity for MTNs employees to directly engage with the CSR initiatives programme with a prize as a reward at the end of this scheme for the best team . unrivalled team was rewarded for building a small pedestrian bridge. (MTN Yello, 2009)Now, the report will analyse the Ponte et al typology mentioned above showing two contrasting viewpointsIn favour of CSRGood for business when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant) Porter and Kramer (2006, p83) indicate that working in a healthy society will keep the company healthy (health care for the workforce) and also supply it with a competitive advantage (efficient use of resources water, land) and all of these will be achieved by Integrating Business and monastic order through CSR activities. Other authors praise the role of CSR in marketing and this could be applied in bringing a bright image to the company and to some extent increase its sales Hardeep and Sharma (2006). For example, Ogrizek (2002) saidThere are clear and concrete market-driven benefits and competitive advantages for companies, which integrate their business policies with CSR.In respect of the two companies in questio n there are a lot of initiative approaches for both companies from their websites which all could be regarded as marketing tools and green sheen attempts (the new mark off of Nestle Nescafe Green blend).Good for society when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant) advocators of this model argue that governments in the developing countries on their own cannot meet the increasing demands of the society and development requirements and this is actually what Samuel et al (2009.p394) found when they conducted research in Nigeria showing how CSR initiatives being carried out by 22 organizations complement government efforts to build up a stable economy. Furthermore, this perspective is also supported by the neo-liberalism theory in which many authors stress that only business and free markets can view as the individual rights, society and the environment (Burchell, 1996, Barry et al 1996, Peter and Olssen 2002 cited in Zajda, 2009 p15). No one could deny that Nestle creates job opportuni ties for 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries and also that MTN donated about 1.5 Rand million to buy clothes with the help of the Red Cross in South Africa in response to attacks by foreign nationals in 2008 (MTN SA foundation, 2009). At the economy level, The Economist (1999) emphasized the contribution of MTN as a mobile company in bringing the poor and isolated into the global economy. foreign to CSRBad for business when (Disengaged) advocators for this approach are usually those who argue in favour of shareholder interests and indicate that the main objective of any company is only to maximize the shareholders value and minimize any kind of expense. That becomes very clear when Lawrence (1999) describes how the company should create a value management system in five steps in order to achieve the shareholder value, neglecting any component related to non-profit activities because it just an expense. Also, as mentioned earlier in this report, Mantyssari (2005) describes the shareholders as the heart of the business who supply it with the funds needed for the daily operations, so managers have to keep them satisfied by a high level of yield.Furthermore, some say that CSR is not only waste of money but also it distracts the managers from focusing on their real duties since effective CSR, which is not only a charity cheque, needs special talent and efforts, and that is also emphasized by Porter and Kramer (2006, p91) when they argue that organizational adjustment that matches good CSR initiatives is what matters more than kind intentions.Useless for society and development (Criticizing all Ponte et al approaches) many protestors criticise the effects caused by MNCs activities all over the world since their negative effects outweigh their CSR initiatives. They think whatever the companies do for the societies is only a green sheen. For instance, Nestle is proud of itself, saying it always provides work opportunities for people, indicated tha t 97% of their workforces are distributed all over the world The Economist (1997.p153). However, for Corpwatch (2005) the justice is it exploits the workers in an awful manner and Corpwatch complained that 286,000 children work as slaves in the Ivory Coasts cocoa farms (90 hours a week with very low wages) and point out that Nestle is the third largest importer of cocoa from the Ivory Coast. Also it could be argued from bad for business angle as there is general agreement that if CSR is not focused and organized it will often come to nothing or may sometimes have harmful results.VII. ConclusionFrom this report, a lot of findings can be skeletal by analysing the corporate social responsibility approaches for Nestle and MTN. This report started by showing the importance of the different types of stakeholders that try to steer the companys activities in the way they desire, whether in a business or CSR approach. Using the Stakeholders Saliency Model these stakeholders have been allo cated and two major differences were found. The first one is, Governments in developing countries where Nestle operate should be put under Dangerous stakeholder since they lack experience in dealing with such governments and the high-income corporation could also be seen an enticing opportunity to be seized. However, MTN (a low-income company) is the opposite case since it originated in such an environment. The other main difference between them is the danger of social organizations for Nestle such as NGOs and the media since it works globally and works in the field of nutrition, hiring people from poor countries, so may be targeted by such institutions. In contrast, MTN does not have a direct impact on peoples lives and is not recognized globally like Nestle since it operates only in developing countries.The report then analysed and evaluated the CSR approaches for both companies using Ponte et al typology to allocate them in four dimensions, engaged/disengaged, distant/proximate. It was found Nestle and MTN use all of them except for MTN which did not use distant CSR initiatives. The report essay to answer the question which stakeholders were satisfied and which were not, no matter what type of approach was adopted, by contrasting two points of view (with and against CSR) and arguing them in four different aspects. Through the analysis of the aspect Useless for society, it was found some organizations and institutions are still not satisfied by the CSR initiatives and need deeper indicators, going beyond the basics and taking into account the real influences on the surroundings. Regarding the future of CSR, some authors such as Murray and Blowfield (2008, p365-369) emphasised that the context analysis such as the mega trends (climate change, demographic change, poverty) will be no less important than simply examining the CSR approaches taken by the company.

Faith Vs. Temptation :: essays research papers

Faith vs. Temptation     Temptation, at one time or another, has touched on the whole of our lives. What made us choose one path over the other? Was it your faith in God, your knowing of what was right and wrong, or was it the influences of the loved ones you not completely surround yourself with, but the one you have trusted to lead down the straight and narrow. All of these questions come to light in Nathaniel Hawthorne& group A8217s two-year-old Goodman brown. Hawthorne& amp8217s tale is of a young, newly wedded man, and his internal struggle between faith and temptation. Set in Salem, at the times of the bewitch trials, Young Goodman Brown begins to question his own faith as the devil himself sheds new light on Brown&8217s strong beliefs. &8220With heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the Devil&8230 Or will he?     Young Goodman Brown prepares to choke on his lonely, life-changing journey, by first say ing good bye to his wife of three months. Faith as his wife is called, for symbolic reasons I&8217m sure, fears for her husband and wishes him to stay. This good bye is Brown&8217s chance to choose faith over temptation. &8220Poor little faith, megabyteght he, for his centerfield smote him. What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand Brown gives in to temptation. This won&8217t be the last time.      world scared and alone on his journey, Brown talking to himself says, &8220What if the devil himself should be at my elbow A few more steps and Brown now has a companion coincidence? I think not. &8220The only thing about him that could be fixed upon as remarkable as his staff, which bore the likeliness of a great black snake...like a living serpent." It was after this initial greeting and Brown noticing his companion&8217s travel stick that Brown once again was torn between his faith and the temptation of the errand he was on. & nbsp   Goodman Brown tries to convince himself he is doing wrong and turn back. &8220Having kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose now to return whence I came. I have scruples touching the matter gravitational constant wot&8217st of. The devil tempts Brown in to continuing. &8220Let us walk on, reasoning as we go and if I convince thee not thou shalt turn back. Again Brown gives in to temptation. &8220Too far Too far Exclaimed the goodman, unconsciously resuming his walk.

Macbeth - Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Act One1.) Macbeths reaction to the witches prophecy is one of surprise, and interest. He in addition wants to be told more, and know how the witches know these things. Banquo however, is more cautious, and not sure. Banquo also questions if the witches were even real he is much more sceptical.2.) Macbeth finds out in scene 4 that Malcolm, not him is chosen by the King to be his successor, this makes Macbeth try that chance will not make him King, and to be King, he must do something about it.3.) Lady Macbeths reaction to the letter is one of jubilate for Macbeth, and fear that Macbeth is too good a person to seize the opportunity and kill the King. I fear thy nature, It is too full o th milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way.(p29) Lady Macbeth also speaks with demons to give her the courage and live up to her with evil to allow her to carry out the execute of the King. fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty(p30)4.) This speech tells us that Macbe th does not wholly want to proceed with the murder of the King, and that the very idea scares Macbeth, and seems impossible to commit. Doth unfix my hairmurder yet is but fantastical(p19)Act Two1.) At first Macbeth sees a dagger floating, leading him to Duncans room, which existence he questions. After having hit Duncan, Macbeth is jumpy and nervous, he imagines he hears things when they are owls. He also is timid that he is damned to go to hell when he cannot say amen. He is afraid he will not be able to sleep in peace.2.) At the end of scene two, Macbeth does show remorse that he has killed the King. When he hears the knocking at the south entry, he says Wake Duncan with thy knocking. I would thou couldst.(p59)3.) Malcolm and Donalbain leave Scotland because they suspect whoever killed their father, will be targeting them next.4.) The strange occurrences that have taken place on the night of the murder are it is dark when the sun should have come up, a falcon was killed by an o wl and Duncans horses act wild and turning on the humans and then eating each other.Act Three1.) Banquos attitude at the beginning to Macbeth having become King, is one of suspicion. He suspects Macbeth had something to do with it.